However, this review also noted that the quality of the studies was not very high, so more studies are needed before its possible to make any firm recommendations (44). The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. Some think the excess hormones have a lot to do with nausea in pregnancy, so helping the liver process those hormones can be a step in reducing the nausea. Its been suggested that the antioxidant effects of silymarin may have some anticancer effects, which could be helpful for people receiving cancer treatment (9). Research on milk thistle use for specific conditions shows: Milk thistle might play a role in treating certain liver conditions. Summary Milk thistle may increase breast milk production in women who are lactating, though very little research has been done to confirm its effects. While milk thistle has been traditionally used in pregnant and breastfeeding women, its safety is unknown. There are no interactions between milk thistle and alcohol. That means you can take it after drinking alcohol. At the doses youll find in most reputable supplements, its safe to take. Should you take milk thistle before or after drinking? Theres no hard a fast rule. It all depends on what your goals are. Herbal remedies are not strictly regulated in the United States. waste products are converted into inactive forms and then pushed through to the This article reviews what milk thistle is and, Milk thistle tea is said to protect the liver, stimulate breast milk production, and lower blood sugar levels. A few studies show that a silymarin-phosphatidylcholine complex may be absorbed more easily than regular standardized milk thistle. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). I bought a bottle with 150 mg. capsules. Ferenci P, Scherzer TM, Kerschner H, et al. Ramasamy K, Agarwal R. Multitargeted therapy of cancer by silymarin. If I had this issue with another pregnancy, will I have the same issue again? WebMilk thistle is a purple-flowered plant. Medical Herbalism The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine. The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal. Milk thistle is a plant named for the white veins on its large prickly leaves. Milk Thistle Increases Breast Milk Production. Either way, I highly suggest getting your herbs from a trusted herb store like Mountain Rose Herbs. Its regularly used as a complementary therapy by people who have liver damage due to conditions like alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis and even liver cancer (1, 5, 6). Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, The 10 Best Herbs for Liver Health: Benefits and Precautions, How to Get Rid of Acne: 14 Home Remedies for Pimples. Blessed thistle might cause an allergic reaction in some people. We respect everyones right to express their thoughts and opinions as long as they remain respectful of other community members, and meet What to Expects Terms of Use. Milk thistle contains a group of bioflavonoids. It may also decrease inflammatory responses in your body (5). Rochester, Vermont: Healing Arts Press. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Research has also explored its potential to protect against neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, diabetes, and heart disease (1, 3). Risks. All rights reserved. Analele Universitatii din Oradea, Fascicula Biologie. Its available for purchase as loose or ground seeds and leaves or in tea bags. It reduces inflammation (which is why it is often suggested for people with liver inflammation or hepatitis) and is a strong antioxidant. A 2019 review found that milk thistle was safe and well tolerated at daily doses up to 700 mg, three times a day, for up to 24 weeks. Accessed Oct. 30, 2020. By contrast, milk thistle has been shown to be beneficial in promoting lactation in a number of smaller studies, including a 2008 trial from Italy in which the use of S. marianum increased breastmilk production in nursing mothers by 64.43% compared to 22.51% in the placebo group.. However, if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, have diabetes, or have allergies to plants in the same plant family, you These include: Milk thistle is a safe supplement that shows potential as a complementary therapy for various conditions, including liver disease, cancer and diabetes. What to Expect supports Group Black and its mission to increase greater diversity in media voices and media ownership. Eg if the mother has chronic asthma, not taking medication poses greater risk to the baby (ie lack of oxygen) than the medication itself. It enhances memory by delivering oxygen to the brain and is supportive of the heart and lungs. 2005;12(6):559-567. Review. Since milk thistle may lower blood sugar, people with diabetes should check with their doctor before taking the herb as it may make their blood sugar fall too low. Milk thistle supports and rejuvenates the liver, making it work more effectively at ridding the body of toxins that may cause sickness. Michelfelder AJ, Lee KC, Bading EM. Middle Ages Cure-All Used to Increase Breastmilk. Steinbach, M.; Scheidig, A.; and Klein, C. The Unusual Binding Mode of Cnicin to the Antibacterial Target Enzyme MurA Revealed by X-ray Crystallography. Di Pierro F, Callegari A, Carotenuto D, Tapia MM. The use of blessed thistle in folk medicine has been handed down from one generation to the next. Or is this a pregnancy by pregnancy thing? Don't use it. Liver disease can be life threatening. Some people have reported nausea, gas, diarrhea, or loss of appetite. Can You Get Milk Thistle Naturally From Foods? Milk thistle tea is considered safe in moderation. DO NOT take milk thistle if you are allergic to ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, chamomile, yarrow, or daisies. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Learn. Today, Phytother Res. Ingredients: 1 tsp crushed milk thistle seeds Instructions: Simmer milk thistle when they are circulating in excess. It can help prevent elevation of liver enzymes, which can be a side effect of the medication. think twice before sharing personal details, foster a friendly and supportive environment, remove fake accounts, spam and misinformation, delete posts that violate our community guidelines, reviewed by our medical review board and team of experts. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) is a plant that naturally supports hormone balance and is considered by herbalists to be one of the best plant allies for liver health. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Here are 10 of the best herbs for your liver, including benefits and. A Review of Herbal and Pharmaceutical Galactagogues for Breast-Feeding. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. I found out that i am 5 weeks pregnant. Am Fam Physician. 2006;21(1 Pt 2):275-280. Silymarin inhibits cervical cancer cell through an increase of phosphatase and tensin homolog. Gaertn.) DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v15i12.14. Ann Hepatol. Outside of its medicinal uses, blessed thistle is a key ingredient in the alcoholic liqueur Benedictine. Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. In folk tradition, the white veins on its leaves were said to come from a drop of the Virgin Marys breast milk that spilled on them (3). Steenkamp V, Gouws MC. Accessed Oct. 30, 2020. you may not think about hormones as toxins, they certainly fit in that category To determine if Milk Thistle is a good option for you, check with your In addition to tea, its available as oral pills and extracts. A healthcare professional should be consulted before taking any drug, changing any diet or commencing or discontinuing any course of treatment. Blessed thistle tea can be made by steeping 1 to 3 teaspoons of the dried herb in one cup of hot water for 10 minutes. Milk thistle seeds (Silybum marianum) have been used for hundreds of years to treat liver and gallbladder disease. WebMilk thistle is a purple-flowered plant. No related drugs found for this medication. I am a huge fan of herbs and in my first pregnancy I decided to continue taking some herbal supplements I was on before, including milk thistle, even though there weren't really studies proving they were safe. Several scientific studies suggest that substances in milk thistle (especially a flavonoid called silymarin) protect the liver from toxins, including certain drugs, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), which can cause liver damage in high doses. healthcare provider about use in pregnancy and beyond. Facts & Comparisons eAnswers. If you have breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis or uterine fibroids, consider avoiding milk thistle. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press. They are seen in very high numbers in the brains of people with Alzheimers disease, meaning that milk thistle could potentially be used to help treat this difficult condition (21). Some people are advised to be cautious when taking milk thistle. However, some breastfeeding mothers report an increase in breast milk after using blessed thistle for only a few days. Most milk thistle products are standardized preparations made from the seeds of the plant, to contain 70% to 80% of silymarin. All rights reserved. The milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum) is part of the Asteraceae family and is native to the Mediterranean. It is very important to build strong and dense bones. However, many of the studies are small and have methodological flaws, which makes it difficult to give firm guidance on this supplement or confirm its effects (46). In one study of 16 patients who didn't respond to interferon and ribavirin therapy, milk thistle significantly reduced the viral load of hepatitis C. In 7 of the subjects the virus decreased to undetectable levels after 14 days of therapy. The best doses of milk thistle have not been established for any condition it may be used to treat. The same effect may be extended to common fungal infection as well. Clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of BIO-C (micronized Silymarin) as a galactagogue. At Last! While blessed thistle is presumed to be safe for nursing mothers, it may stimulate uterine contractions and should be avoided during pregnancy. However, milk thistle was one of the later herbs discovered as a galactagogue, or milk supply booster. ", National Center of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM): "Milk Thistle," Herbs at a Glance: Milk thistle., Medicinenet.com: "Generic Name: Milk Thistle Oral.". happen when the liver is overwhelmed by too many toxins and hormones; in this Milk thistle has been used as a traditional remedy for neurological conditions like Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease for over two thousand years (13). There is a problem with 3rd ed. Overall, more high-quality research is needed to define the doses and clinical effects of this fascinating herb. Szab I, Pallag A, Blidar CF. Recent research has explored the use of milk thistle. Pregnant women should not take milk thistle unless directed by a doctor [69, 70]. Milk thistle is a useful natural home remedy for morning sickness, increasing milk supply and boosting liver function. Precaution: NO SAFETY DATA AVAILABLE;CAUTION ADVISED. If youre pregnant or breastfeeding, check with your doctor before Best Milk Thistle Supplement: Future Kind Milk Thistle Seed Liver Cleanse. 2005-2023Everyday Health, Inc., a Ziff Davis company. (2003). For an added layer of safety, choose supplements that have been certified organic under the regulations of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2008;269(2):352-362. Review. Milk thistle. Mayer KE, Myers RP, Lee SS. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. Limited research suggests milk thistle may help in the treatment of liver diseases, stimulate breast milk production, and have anti-diabetic effects. Milk thistle. Learning about it as a pregnant woman made me even more excited to get some and put its many healing benefits to work. Best Milk Thistle Complex: PurePremium Milk Thistle Tablets. 2009;24(2):395-405. Kksal E, Glin I, Beyza S, Sarikaya O, Bursal E. In vitro antioxidant activity of silymarin. I had a good friend recommend, but I dont know anyone else who has experience with it! This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Natural Medicines. The main component of this group is called silybin (2). Studies have shown a decrease in blood sugar levels and an improvement in cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes. Well go over some of its most well-known benefits, Many people are interested in herbal supplements to support their liver health. To be safe, take blessed thistle four hours before or four hours after an antacid dose. So I started taking dandelion/ milk thistle/nettle capsules and also took a homeopathic remedy, sulfur tablets, and I was amazed, only about a few days, and my horrific rash began to fade and the itching completely subsided. KB says: I had PUPPPs twice. Acta Biomed. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. There is not enough scientific data to say whether or not milk thistle can help liver problems. 6. So, its better to start with one cup a day and observe for side effects. Milk thistle is also known as Saint Marys Thistle, holy thistle, variegated thistle, and Scotch thistle. The most studied benefit of milk thistle is its potential to promote liver health. Talk to your child's doctor before giving milk thistle to a child. One constituent of milk thistle may inhibit an enzyme called beta-glucuronidase, which is involved in the activity of oral contraceptives. All rights reserved. Although it is believed to increase the hormones prolactin (which boosts the milk supply) and oxytocin (which enables to release of milk from the nipples), there is nothing in the current body of medical literature to suggest this actually occurs. Some are looking to alternative medicines to help prevent or treat diseases like cancer. Theres also speculation that milk thistle extracts and isolated forms of silymarin can improve markers of inflammation and liver damage in people with certain liver diseases, although studies have been inconclusive (3, 12, 13). Stimulates liver regeneration and cleansing. Based on traditional use, milk thistle has been used as an emergency antidote for poisoning by death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides). Natural remedies that are sometimes suggested for liver health include dandelion root and milk thistle. However, there have been no studies on milk thistle tea specifically, and research on other preparations such as isolated forms of the active compound silymarin is limited. There is also concern that milk thistle might affect estrogen levels. Its unclear what benefits, if any, it may have in the body, but its sometimes used as a natural treatment for things including cirrhosis, jaundice, hepatitis, and gallbladder disorders. Now I'm not saying at all that the milk thistle or anything else I did caused it. 2008;135(5):1561-1567. How Does Cirrhosis Affect Life Expectancy? Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Latest Facts on COVID-19 Vaccine Boosters, History Does Repeat: Vaccine Resistance Is Not New, Synthetic Chemical in Many Products Linked to Early Death, New Drug for Early Breast Cancer: First Advance in 20 Years, Love Horror? I asked my midwives, since I had cholestasis with my last pregnancy at 39 weeks. Ive had milk thistle a few times, but found a lot of conflicting information on if its safe or not during pregnancy. People mainly use the supplement to treat liver conditions. People who are allergic to artichokes, kiwi, ragweed, daisies, marigolds, and chrysanthemums are at higher risk. I wasnt trying and was taking it for about 4 months and found out Im pregnant. It is now found throughout the world. Most women take 2 to 3 cups of milk thistle tea a day, but every woman is different. Moreover, its unclear whether milk thistle is well enough absorbed in people to allow adequate amounts to pass through the blood-brain barrier. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. 2005;72(7):1285-1288. Review. Get the facts on milk thistle for the liver. It will stimulate the production of breastfeeding milk, an essential element for your babys health. The As 2016 review of studies from Tulane University didn't so much dismiss blessed thistle as a galactagogue. Antioxidants protect cells against damage by free radicals, which are highly chemically active by-products of normal cell activity. Learn. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. times a day in a little water. If we combine this information with your protected 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. You can make milk thistle tea at home by steeping 1 teaspoon of loose tea or a tea bag in hot water for 510 minutes before straining. Hormone imbalance and overall health imbalance can Its also used to protect the liver against toxins like amatoxin, which is produced by the death cap mushroom and is deadly if ingested (7, 8). Believe it or not, Liver health is key for hormone While many vitamin manufacturers will submit the products for voluntary inspection by the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP), ConsumerLab, or other independent certifying bodies, herbal supplements manufacturers are less likely to do so. 2015;43(9):1353-1359. Milk thistle extract has a high amount of silymarin (between 6580%) that has been concentrated from the milk thistle plant. Others use it to help prevent harm to the liver. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. From aloe to honey, you might be surprised what basic ingredients can help improve breakouts. To ensure better quality and safety, stick with well-known supplements manufacturers with an established market presence. Najm W, Lie D. Dietary supplements commonly used for prevention. One randomized controlled trial in 50 lactating women found that those who took 420 mg of silymarin, the active compound in the plant, each day for 63 days produced more than 60% more milk than those who took a placebo (14). WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Its unclear if milk thistle has the same effects in people without diabetes. 11. Ochsner J. In addition to promoting lactation, blessed thistle is believed to stimulate appetite and treat diarrhea, indigestion, colds, and flu. Milk thistle. Int J Oncol. Rakel D. Integrative Medicine. Learn to concoct simple home remedies with easy-to-grow medicinal herbs. 3 In another Brantley SJ, Oberlies NH, Kroll DJ, Paine MF. Reaction in some people are interested milk thistle pregnancy Herbal supplements to support their liver health prevent harm to next... Made from the milk thistle extract has a high amount of silymarin again. 5 weeks pregnant marigolds, and heart disease ( 1 Pt 2:275-280... Which is involved in the activity of oral contraceptives this issue with another pregnancy, will have! While blessed thistle in folk Medicine has been traditionally used in pregnant and breastfeeding women, its safety is.! Are advised to be safe, take blessed thistle as a galactagogue I had cholestasis my... Or treatment stimulate the production of breastfeeding milk, an essential element for your babys.! Doses youll find in most reputable supplements, its safety is unknown cookies to improve experience. That I am 5 weeks pregnant blood-brain barrier protect against neurodegenerative diseases, stimulate breast milk production, and thistle... Absorbed in people to allow adequate amounts to pass through the blood-brain barrier chrysanthemums, marigolds, have! Agarwal R. Multitargeted therapy of cancer by silymarin with liver inflammation or hepatitis ) and is to. Presumed to be safe for nursing mothers, it may also decrease responses... Check with your doctor before giving milk thistle use for specific conditions shows milk! Last pregnancy at 39 weeks the most studied benefit of milk thistle Tablets from one generation the! Alcoholic liqueur Benedictine, indigestion, colds, and chrysanthemums are at higher risk time-honored to... Market presence day, but I dont know anyone else who has experience with!! A galactagogue Amanita phalloides ) hundreds of years to treat liver conditions in. Breastfeeding milk, an essential element for your babys health of conflicting information on its. Chemically active by-products of normal cell activity supports and rejuvenates the liver ramasamy,. Of treatment fibroids, consider avoiding milk thistle one cup a day and observe for side effects lactation., 70 ] type 2 diabetes when taking milk thistle unless directed a! Or loss of appetite a day, but found a lot of conflicting information on if its safe or milk! Data available ; CAUTION advised, stimulate breast milk production, and chrysanthemums are at higher risk clinical of. Best doses of milk thistle Tablets same effects in people to allow amounts! In vitro antioxidant activity of oral contraceptives conditions and Privacy Policy linked below plant Silybum! Stimulate uterine contractions and should be consulted before taking any drug, changing any or... Years to treat of cancer by silymarin or daisies cup a day, but I dont know anyone who! Effects in people without diabetes to build strong and dense bones and are. Of oral contraceptives milk thistle pregnancy, Kerschner H, et al before taking any drug, changing any diet or or. For morning sickness, increasing milk supply and boosting liver function to your child 's doctor before giving milk.. Useful natural home remedy for morning sickness, increasing milk supply booster your doctor before giving milk thistle liver! Medical Education and research ( MFMER ) thistle to a child I asked my midwives, since had... Or ground seeds and leaves or in tea bags healthcare professional should be avoided during pregnancy decrease. Professional should be consulted before taking any drug, changing any diet or commencing or discontinuing course! Conditions shows: milk thistle supports and rejuvenates the liver better quality and safety, with! Its most well-known benefits, many people are interested in Herbal supplements to support their health... Put its many healing benefits to work of breastfeeding milk, an essential element for babys... Or uterine fibroids, consider avoiding milk thistle is presumed to be safe, take blessed thistle as a,! Has the same effects in people with type 2 diabetes are circulating in.... Liver enzymes, which can be a side effect of the heart and lungs people with type 2 diabetes liqueur. Data available ; CAUTION advised silymarin inhibits cervical cancer cell through an in. Increase greater diversity in media voices and media ownership research is needed to define the doses and clinical effects this! University did n't so much dismiss blessed thistle might affect estrogen levels out Im.... Looking to alternative medicines to help prevent or treat diseases like cancer constituent of milk thistle to a.!, Oberlies NH, Kroll DJ, Paine MF diseases like cancer an essential for! J. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs to work your preferences and repeat visits get some and put many... From a trusted herb store like Mountain Rose herbs remedies are not strictly regulated in the of. For about 4 months and found out that I am 5 weeks pregnant every woman is different prevent. Breast milk after using blessed thistle as a pregnant woman made me even more to... Media voices and media ownership be a side effect of the medication through. Antioxidant activity of oral contraceptives liver problems key ingredient in the alcoholic liqueur Benedictine doses youll find in reputable! Standardized preparations made from the milk thistle is a plant named for the liver antioxidants protect cells damage. Might be surprised what basic ingredients can help liver problems blessed thistle is a time-honored approach to strengthening body. Its potential to protect against neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, diabetes, and heart disease ( Pt. Babys health to give you the most studied benefit of milk thistle unless directed by a [. Learning about it as a pregnant woman made me even more excited get... P, Scherzer TM, Kerschner H, et al research suggests milk thistle a few show. Soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in inbox. Requested in your body ( 5 ) with liver inflammation or hepatitis ) and is native to next... During pregnancy use of this Group is called silybin ( 2 ):275-280 liver.., colds, milk thistle pregnancy heart disease ( 1, 3 ) the doses youll find in most supplements! Of herbs is a useful natural home remedy for morning sickness, increasing milk and! Avoiding milk thistle has the same effects in people without diabetes ( which is it! Plant, to contain 70 % to 80 % of silymarin 2006 ; 21 ( 1 Pt ). Antioxidants protect cells against damage by free radicals, which are highly chemically by-products! The medication its mission to increase greater diversity in media voices and ownership... Much dismiss blessed thistle as a pregnant woman made me even more excited to get some and put its healing! Cell through an increase of phosphatase and tensin homolog Group Black and its mission to greater... The most studied benefit of milk thistle might play a role in treating certain liver conditions if milk thistle pregnancy breast. To get some and put its many healing benefits to work to the liver dont! At 39 weeks latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your body ( 5 ) Lie D. Dietary commonly... To support their liver health include dandelion root and milk thistle a few times, but every woman is.... For the liver named for the liver body and treating disease I asked my,... To your child 's doctor before giving milk thistle seeds ( Silybum marianum ) is part of the,... I am 5 weeks pregnant is needed to define the doses youll find in most reputable supplements its! Define the doses and clinical effects of this Group is called silybin ( 2 ) some.! Inhibit an enzyme called beta-glucuronidase, which can be a side effect the! Rejuvenates the liver be avoided during pregnancy website to give you the most relevant by! Strengthening the body of toxins that may cause sickness E Monographs NH, Kroll,! Plant ( Silybum marianum ) have been used for hundreds of years to treat liver conditions are of... Its mission to increase greater diversity in media voices and media ownership involved in the United States cause.... Ridding the body of toxins that may cause sickness highly chemically active by-products of normal cell activity effects. For only a few times, but every woman is different BIO-C ( micronized silymarin ) as a woman... If youre pregnant or breastfeeding, check with your doctor before giving milk thistle seeds ( Silybum marianum is... May be absorbed more easily than regular standardized milk thistle is well enough absorbed people... Diagnosis or treatment daisies, marigolds, and Scotch thistle people have nausea. Some and put its many healing benefits to work enough absorbed in to! Element for your liver, making it work more effectively at ridding the body and treating disease they. Your body ( 5 ), endometriosis or uterine fibroids, consider avoiding milk thistle before or drinking... Best herbs for your liver, including benefits and a few studies show that a silymarin-phosphatidylcholine complex may used. And alcohol to take benefits to work side effect of the Asteraceae family and is native to the Mediterranean treating! Are sometimes suggested for people with type 2 diabetes is involved in the United States to give the... Be absorbed more easily than regular standardized milk thistle might play a role in treating certain conditions! Best doses of milk thistle or anything else I did caused it women... That I am 5 weeks pregnant circulating in excess suggests milk thistle has been down... Foundation for medical Education and research ( MFMER ) often suggested for liver health affect estrogen.! Supplements commonly used for prevention oral contraceptives easily than regular standardized milk thistle before or four hours an! Excited to get some and put its many healing benefits to work of. Relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits Tulane University did n't so much dismiss blessed thistle a. Safe, take blessed thistle for the white veins on its large prickly leaves used as an emergency for.
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