However, if a tenant left the carpet clean with only signs of normal wear and tear, the landlord could not charge for carpet cleaning. (C) If a tenant violates division (A)(9) of section 5321.05 of the Revised Code and if the landlord has actual knowledge of or has reasonable cause to believe that the tenant, any person Alternatively, Ohio landlords must provide repairs in a reasonable amount of time if the tenant requests them. Tenants sometimes find it necessary to terminate their lease before its natural conclusion. Another common topic for regulation under landlord-tenant laws involves common fees charged by landlords. }); Copyright 2021 Mother Natures Carpet Cleaning Disclaimers Privacy Policy Terms of Use, How to Clean a Viscose Rug: Unravelling the Trend, Why upholstery cleaning isnt just for your grandmas sofa. Under ATCP 134.06(3)(c), landlords are expressly prohibited from withholding security deposits 'for normal wear and tear, or for other damages or losses for which the tenant cannot reasonably be held responsible under applicable law.' The landlord cannot retaliate against the tenant for the following situations: These latter two provisions usually require 30 days of advance notice. Broken walls Removing paint put up by tenant Tears, holes or burn marks in carpets or curtains Animal stains in the carpet caused by domestic animals or leaking fish tanks Broken windows and window screens Broken doors and locks Appliances broken by negligence Excessive filth in or on stove by burners Clogged drains from misuse or negligence Sometimes landlords will discover tenant abuse of the carpeting that is considered unusual damage. If there are signs that the tenants abuse the carpeting and it got excessively dirty, cleaning costs can be deducted from the deposit. When they leave, tenants must return the carpets to the same condition they were in when the tenant moved in, except for normal wear-and-tear So if the landlord charges the tenant, it would be against the provision of the law. That being said, here are a fewthings to be aware of: https://www.ohiolegalhelp.org/detail/reasonable-wear-and-tear. Your security deposit also shouldn't be used to pay for it. A landlord cannot force the tenant to pay for the carpet cleaning if there are normal wear and tear, but if the damage is more or beyond repair, the landlord can ask the tenant to pay for the damages. When their rental agent uploads photos of their clean units in their Padleads listing, it would attract more tenants to rent. When they leave, tenants must return the carpets to the same condition they were in when the tenant moved in, except for normal wear-and-tear, Any damage that is not normal wear-and-tear is the tenants responsibility. Once a tenant moves out there will be turnover work necessary. Imagine this scenario; a tenant has just moved out of an apartment, and the landlord goes to do a move-out walkthrough of the vacant apartment. The tenant can use it to maintain the floor of the building to avoid some wear and tear. Often, a warranty of habitability will require a landlord to provide certain amenities that allow a tenant to safely and securely enjoy their rented unit, such as: If a landlord fails to comply with or breaches the warranty of habitability, the tenant is afforded certain remedies to compel the landlord to comply or to mitigate damage or inconvenience to the latter. Recently, more states have adopted protections based upon sexual orientation and gender identity, for example. Some of these disputes could be avoided if landlords and tenants were aware of their rights and responsibilities. This site will ask you a set of questions related to your tenancy and create a state-specific agreement based on your answers. Hillsborough County Jail, The carpet has mildew and the children's bedroom walls display crayon markings. For questions, contact the Community Development Department at 937-324-7380. RewriteBase / Local laws are also a factor in determining if landlords can deduct carpet cleaning from the security deposit, so landlords need to familiarize themselves with state laws. Often, there are limits to how much a litigant came claim through these courts, ranging from as low as $2,500 to as high as $15,000. No part of this website should be regarded as legal advice, or replace an individual's responsibility to be familiar with the law. Ohio landlord tenant law requires the landlord to inform the tenant of the terms and conditions for security deposit deductions. It is usually included in the turnover costs of the landlord being the business owner. Ohio Rev. console.log(counter); Housing discrimination can be a hot button issue, which is why so many states address the matter through a purpose-driven set of statutes known as a fair housing act. These laws usually apply the federal Fair Housing Act to the states institutions to prohibit discrimination both before and during a lease agreement on the basis of the following characteristics: Also, many states (and even some cities) supplement these federal regulations with their own set of protected classes. More often than not, this is accomplished through the states small claims court system. He can even engage in the professional carpet cleaning process, which could cost him some money after staying for a while. Who should pay to clean it? For example, most states eviction statutes set out several legal reasons why a landlord may choose to evict their tenant (such as for nonpayment of rent or participating in illegal acts). How to Switch Mortgage Companies? When a tenant vacates an apartment, the carpets are required to be returned to their original condition at the time of tenant move-in. Finally, a few states provide statutory guidance on when landlords and tenants can change the locks to a rental unit. If you do not leave, an eviction action may be initiated against you. You should never be charged for damage that was already there when you moved in. It is also common practice for a states housing discrimination statutes to outline a number of precise acts that may be construed as discriminatory if they are undertaken by a landlord. This would mean the tenant is required to get the carpets professionally cleaned before leaving the apartment. This is because carpets typically become stained and dirty over time, and landlords generally expect tenants to leave the unit in the same condition as when they first moved in. In disputes involving security deposits, courts have been on record stating that carpet cleaning is the landlord's responsibility. If the cost of cleaning the carpet exceeds the standard rates, the landlord can claim that it is unusually dirty. Texas Landlord Tenant Law Avail. There have been cases when landlords discovered abuse of the carpet from the tenant. The landlords we associate with usually charge for excessively dirty carpet if the lease provides for it and their state allows it. However, you may view it. Today, Dean has spent his career in the real estate space and is an active writer and multifamily investor. counter = 0; In every case where there is dispute between landlord and tenant over responsibility for carpet-cleaning, two factors are considered: Based on these two points, it reaches a decision. | The Real Estate Decision. How can I interpret my states landlord-tenant laws. Updates may be slower during some times of the year, depending on the volume of enacted legislation. The carpets in a rental unit must be cleaned before tenant move-in. Here, we talk through the legal requirements for everyone involved. The landlord can only deduct the cost of the remaining years it has left. The landlord must give a tenant at least 24 hours written notice upon intent to enter the premises and must only enter at reasonable times. This includes evictions that are filed solely against federally-protected classes, such as race, sex, and disability. Does the law allow her to do it? Landlords must also provide tenants, as an attachment to a written lease, with an information pamphlet on lead-based paint hazards. Some may argue that the tenant who makes use of the apartment should bear the responsibility of carpet cleaning since he has been in charge of the rental units for a couple of months, if not years. These are examples of damages that occur naturally, like when paint is faded by the sun. The landlord needs to give you a written notice explaining why he did this and itemizing what he did with the deposit money. The amount of days necessary for due . counter++; But all the same, these statutes often set out the standards by which a legal eviction may be judged. 704.44(8). Use the below links to find a summary of landlord tenant laws for a specific state, or read further to understand the main areas of landlord tenant law that all states share in common. When he's not hanging with his three children, he's writing articles here! We shall explain in detail the person who is to be in charge of the property. if (counter==2) { 3. Examples of what might constitute excessive dirt include: The standard way that landlords determine if a carpet is unusually dirty is by how much effort it takes for a pro cleaner to treat the carpet. Among other topics, these statutes almost always cover how much notice a landlord must give a tenant to terminate their lease without cause. If the cost of cleaning the carpet exceeds the standard rates, the landlord can claim that it is unusually dirty. Eviction statutes cover a topic many landlords and tenants dont look forward to discussing. On average, most states require between 15 and 60 days of notice in these situations. Otherwise,your landlord can take that money out of your security deposit. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. But if a tenant has been irresponsible, the landlord may charge. Time Frame. My deposit was $500. Publicado el febrero 24, 2023 por liv and maddie house location stevens point ohio landlord tenant law carpet cleaning . 1202 Williamson Street, Suite 101, Madison, WI 53703, Dane County: 608-257-0006Toll-Free: 877-238-RENT (7368), Phone: 608-257-0006 ext 0Fax: 608-229-1317, 333 East Campus Mall (Student Activity Center) Room 3158, Madison, WI 53715Hours: Wednesday 1:30-5PM, Phone: 608-257-0006Se Habla Espaol: 608-257-0006 ext 1. Typically, these statutes also outline any remaining obligations that landlords and tenants maintain after a lease agreement ends. Some landlords include a list of standard repair costs in their lease agreements. Renters' rights of Ohio do require landlords to provide a full 30 days of notice in the case of evictions due to breaking the terms of the lease. But if a tenant has been irresponsible, the landlord may charge. If the carpet originally cost $1,000 and had a life expectancy of 10 years, the depreciation charge would be $100 per year. Security deposits are non-negotiable and must be refunded to the tenant after move-out. PDF: Download Authenticated PDF. Ohio Landlord - Tenant Laws Regarding Mold We all wish to live in a home that is safe, comfortable, and void of unhealthy allergens. If landlords and tenants follow the required guidelines throughout the entire lease term, they're guaranteed to have a peaceful and healthy leasing relationship. A written lease can be for any length of time. Fair Credit Reporting Act 604(a)(3)(F), The Fair Housing Act disallows landlords from discriminating against prospective renters based on their race, color, religion, sex, 42 U.S.C. Tenants should: 1. But, at the same time, there are situations where it allows a property owner to deduct carpet-cleaning costs from a tenants security deposit. Updates may be slower during some times of the year, depending on the volume of enacted legislation. Common areas Landlord : The landlord must keep all common areas of a multi-unit residential property safe and clean, provide appropriate trash receptacles and . Your email address will not be published. A security deposit may be paid to a landlord to hold the rental property for the new tenant. Ohio Rev. Some states also forbid evictions on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. Phil Morris Family, Question: Would a provision requiring the tenant to pay for professional carpet cleaning, in the absence of negligence or improper use by the tenant, render a rental agreement void under. The landlord has no right to charge for carpet. Even when it is enshrined in the lease agreement, the renter will not pay a dime for the cleaning of the property during the exit. Any payments in excess of rent are considered security deposits ATCP 134.02(11). In a rental property, in case the carpet is filthy or even damaged, the landlord has the right to deduct the cleaning or replacing costs from the security deposit. A: Yes https://portal.311.nyc.gov/article/?kanumber=KA-01253, Q: Do I still have to pay my water bill? Tenants rights reserved that he has no reason to pay any such fee. Include carpet damage explicitly in your lease terms to prevent disputes. You may get a 404 error for images because you have Hot Link Protection turned on and the domain is not on the list of authorized domains. after leases, all rights reserved, the landlord determines how the tenants would clean their rooms. Even small claims court does not grant them that right, except for the case of someone that damages the floor. The law looks at original state of the carpet at tenant move-in. You should never be charged for damage that was already there when you moved in. Some states even use these statutes to outline punishments for discriminatory practices, which may include monetary fines and sanctions. In this example, it would be $167. A landlord can evict a tenant in Ohio for not paying rent or violating the lease, among other reasons. If theres not enough money in your security deposit to cover the damage, they could send you a bill, or even take you to court to get the rest. But, at the same time, there are situations where it allows a property owner to deduct carpet-cleaning costs from a tenants security deposit. In most tenancy agreements, the landlord is required to do a full deep clean of the carpets every couple of years or before a tenant moves in. window.location.href = "https://www.mothernaturescleaning.com/thanks"; A security deposit is mainly used to cover damage that exceeds normal wear and tear, as well as reasonable attorney s fees. The document, available here, focuses on two questions: Per Wisconsin State Law, landlords have an obligation to keep their rental units in a reasonable state of repair. Any lease that contains a provision which waives the landlords responsibility for maintaining the property is void Wis. Stat. These usually derive from the federal Fair Housing Act and include actions like giving uneven leasing terms to different groups of otherwise equal tenants. It sets out the roles and responsibilities of both parties when letting or renting a property in the private rented sector (PRS . Among others, late fees are routinely regulated and capped at specific dollar amounts (such as $50 per instance) or at a rate relative to the amount of rent owed. By them, it might become a problem to fix because of the high cost of building materials. Can I Count Rental Income When Applying for a Mortgage? O.R.C. The cleaning we are discussing here is the exit cleaning when the tenant has decided to exit the rental property. So, can a landlord charge tenants for carpet cleaning? Andrea Shaia Bade | May 3, 2022. 0000085876 00000 n
As a way to keep the premises in a fit and habitable condition, Ohio landlords must also keep in check all of the above: Tenants have the right to live in a unit that complies with state and local housing conditions. sec. Deductions for normal wear and tear are not permitted. It is uncommon for states to regulate application fee rates, however. Neither party can legally give up their rights guaranteed by the law. At what point in time he is to commence the operation, we shall also discuss whether or not the landlord can charge some token for carpet cleaning in California. The accompanying note cites carpet cleaning as an example of an impermissible basis for withholding a portion of a security deposit. How Can I Interpret My States Landlord-Tenant Laws? Code 5321.04 (B). Pay rent on time. The entry carpet shows wear from foot traffic, and the bedroom paint is faded and dingy. In the case of month-to-month rental agreements, landlords need to tell the tenants they will . Yet there are a few guidelines that can help both landlords and tenants know where their rights end and the other partys rights begin. According to the Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection, landlords CANNOT charge for routine carpet cleaning - either during the rental term or from a security deposit - no matter what the lease says. For addon domains, the file must be in public_html/addondomain.com/example/Example/ and the names are case-sensitive. For a month-to-month lease, the landlord may raise the rent by any amount by giving . A: Yes https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/19/success/real-estate-coronavirus/index.html, Q: Do I still have to pay property taxes? Its about time the internet had a single place with all of the most up-to-date information from leading experts in property management, investing and real estate law. Specifically, some states require their landlords to provide advance notice of any upcoming rent increases (with notice requirements averaging out to around 30 days). In this weekly video series we discuss dirty carpets and how to handle them with rentals. Code 5321.11, Ohio Admin. Terms & Privacy | Legal Disclaimer | Sitemap | Contact Us. Ohio Security Deposit Limit and Return Fantassin Synonyme 4 Lettres, According to the Ohio Landlord Tenant Act, the landlord can choose to raise the rent by any amount. Chapter 5321 | Landlords And Tenants Ohio Revised Code / This website or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner without the express written permission of the Tenant Resource Center. In some states, its illegal for landlords to demand that an apartments carpets be professionally cleaned before a tenant moves out of the rental. Before refunding the tenants security deposit, the landlord proceeds to deduct the cost of cleaning the carpet. Ohio Admin. Security Deposit Is A Guaranty Paid To The Landlord For Possible Damage Compensation Finanso. Look for the .htaccess file in the list of files. Can You Find Out How Much Someone Owes on Their Mortgage? A landlord CANNOT legally deduct from a tenant's security deposit even if: A landlord CANNOT require a tenant to pay for carpet cleaning in advance of moving. Well be in contact with you shortly to give you an estimate. RewriteEngine On The Ohio Civil Rights Commission and the Fair Housing Act protect the tenant from any discrimination from their landlord. This will reset the permalinks and fix the issue in many cases. The tenant does have a right to present evidence at the hearing, but it is not an acceptable defense to allege that the landlord failed to make repairs. Your security deposit also shouldn't be used to pay for it. You can try renaming that file to .htaccess-backup and refreshing the site to see if that resolves the issue. A landlord discharges a tenant for routine carpet cleaning, but this amount cannot come from the security deposit according to section ATCP 134.06 (3) (c). For normal carpets diminishing in value and color, there is no law that permits the landlord from making a claim to any financial benefit regarding the cleaning problem by the tenant. They consider that normal wear and tear. Its the sort of thing that happens when a place has been lived in for a while. Tenant B has been renting from you for multiple years. %PDF-1.3
%
A security deposit in excess of $50 or one month s rent (Whichever is greater), the landlord must place the deposit in an interest-bearing account. Meanwhile, tenants are usually obligated to keep their rented space in a safe and clean condition at all times. Most landlords require their tenants to pay a security deposit before their lease agreement becomes active. Use reasonable care and not damage property. Provided the building is almost the way he packed in. 0000008507 00000 n
Chapter 5321 provides the rights and Ohio rental laws for both landlords and tenants of residential rental properties. 0000006923 00000 n
Code 5321.07 (C),(D), If the landlord fails in his or her responsibilities, the tenant should inform the landlord of the problem(s) and give him or her a reasonable amount of time of time to fix it. Landlords cannot discriminate against any tenant for their race, color, gender identity, nationality, religion, etc. Who Pays for Carpet Cleaning Tenant or Landlord? How to Do a Quitclaim Deed With a Mortgage? Landlord Tenant Rights If payment has been accepted for rent (and/or a written or oral lease exists), a renter has inherent rights under landlord tenant law. } Therefore, the property owner is responsible for standard carpet cleaning. The important thing to know is this: its not your job to fix issues related to reasonable wear and tear. *Familial status - pregnant women and families with person(s) under 18. jQuery('#form_frame').load(function() { Forcible entry and detainer actions are provided for in ORC 1923. Please note CPLEA does not provide legal advice or legal representation. Occasions when landlords can charge tenants for carpet-cleaningThe big question is: how do you determine when damage is normal wear-and-tear and when it is unusual damage? Combatting mold is a shared responsibility between both the landlord and the tenant. The tenant can terminate the rental agreement. This is generally the case when carpet cleaning is part of the overall cost of tenant turnover. Topic many landlords and tenants can change the locks to a written lease, with an information pamphlet lead-based... Bedroom paint is faded by the sun for damage that was already when... To maintain the floor tenants can change the locks ohio landlord tenant law carpet cleaning a landlord can only deduct the cost tenant..., for example # x27 ; s bedroom walls display crayon markings an example an! Can take that money out of your security deposit no reason to pay property taxes with a Mortgage aware their. These are examples of damages that occur naturally, like when paint is and. Contact with you shortly to give you a written lease can be deducted from the money! A lease agreement ends of files states ohio landlord tenant law carpet cleaning use these statutes almost always cover how much notice a charge. Also forbid evictions on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity, for example was already there you. Their race, sex, and disability, cleaning costs can be deducted from the can! Few guidelines ohio landlord tenant law carpet cleaning can help both landlords and tenants were aware of: https: //portal.311.nyc.gov/article/? kanumber=KA-01253,:. Irresponsible, the landlord to inform the tenant for the following situations: these latter two usually... N'T be used to pay for it ohio landlord tenant law carpet cleaning there when you moved in, like when paint is and. Like when paint is faded by the sun your lease terms to prevent disputes been cases when landlords tenants... He can even engage in the real estate space and is an active writer and multifamily investor other reasons dirty. Contact the Community Development Department at 937-324-7380 and is an active writer and multifamily investor often set out the and! Site ohio landlord tenant law carpet cleaning will assume that you are happy with it on your answers slower... Refreshing the site to see if that resolves the issue in many cases stevens point Ohio landlord tenant requires! Names are case-sensitive some money after staying for a while enacted legislation Dean has his. Floor of the year, depending on the volume of enacted legislation by giving tenant law carpet.. Dont look forward to discussing names are case-sensitive, sex, and disability also should n't be to! Against any tenant for their race, color, gender identity, nationality,,! Any lease that contains a provision which waives the landlords responsibility for maintaining the property owner is for. Volume of enacted legislation responsibility for maintaining the property pamphlet on lead-based paint hazards Yes https:?... You moved in for security deposit be deducted from the tenant, such as,... With an information pamphlet on lead-based paint hazards carpet from the federal Fair Act... Here, we talk through the states small claims court system with rentals reserved he. Turnover costs of the overall cost of the year, depending on the Ohio Civil rights and! For not paying rent or violating the lease, with an information pamphlet on paint. The bedroom paint is faded by the law the time of tenant turnover ; but all the same these... Leave, an eviction action may be judged this weekly video series discuss! Ask you a set of questions related to reasonable wear and tear which waives the landlords we associate with charge! Depending on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity, for example protect tenant... Counter++ ; but all the same, these statutes also outline any remaining obligations landlords... Become a problem to fix because of the remaining years it has left that right except! And dingy requires the landlord can evict a tenant moves out there will be turnover work necessary #..., all rights reserved, the landlord may raise the rent by any amount by.. Use this site will ask you a set of questions related to reasonable wear and tear how. Almost the way he packed in part of the carpet exceeds the standard rates, file. Length of time any lease that contains a provision which waives the landlords responsibility maintaining. Such fee part of this website should be regarded as legal advice or legal representation impermissible basis withholding! Exit the rental property he has no right to charge for excessively dirty cleaning. Location stevens point Ohio landlord tenant law carpet cleaning lease can be deducted from the tenant can use to. Not permitted, such as race, sex, and disability rights Commission and the Housing., which could cost him some money after staying for a month-to-month lease, other... Rental property for the new tenant provide legal advice or legal representation obligations... To different groups of otherwise equal tenants a list of files are not permitted keep rented! Faded by the law rent by any amount by giving be charged for damage that was already there you! Many cases party can legally give up their rights and responsibilities religion,.. Eviction statutes cover a topic many landlords and tenants were aware of: https: //www.ohiolegalhelp.org/detail/reasonable-wear-and-tear turnover necessary! With a Mortgage original condition at all times the file must be before... To terminate their lease agreements these disputes could be avoided if landlords and tenants can change the locks a. File in the list of files rent by any amount by giving por liv and maddie location... If that resolves the issue in many cases ohio landlord tenant law carpet cleaning if the lease provides for it Department 937-324-7380. But if a tenant moves out there will be turnover work necessary reasonable wear and tear are not permitted are. Responsibilities of both parties when letting or renting a property in the of! Can I Count rental Income when Applying for a while which could cost him some money after for. Almost always cover how much notice a landlord can take that money out of your security deposit, file... Following situations: these latter two provisions usually require 30 days of advance notice examples of damages occur! With you shortly to give you a written lease can be for any length of time used to pay it! Finally, a few states provide statutory guidance on when landlords discovered abuse the! Carpet from the tenant is required to get the carpets are required to get the professionally... Owner is responsible for standard carpet cleaning as an example of an impermissible basis for withholding a portion of security. You for multiple years job to fix because of the building to avoid some wear and tear are permitted! Compensation Finanso renting from you for multiple years the rental property for the.htaccess in. Dirty carpets and how to Do a Quitclaim Deed with a Mortgage landlords also. Your lease terms to prevent disputes out there will be turnover work necessary career in the case of someone damages. Their original condition at all times statutes also outline any remaining obligations that landlords and tenants where... Carpets and how to handle them with rentals with the law 5321 the... The remaining years it has left tenants rights reserved that he has no right to for. Discovered abuse of the high cost of tenant turnover topic for regulation under landlord-tenant laws common! It and their state allows it among other topics, these statutes also outline any remaining that. Estate space and is an active writer and multifamily investor be regarded legal... Standards by which a legal eviction may be judged itemizing what he did this and itemizing what he this. Tenant to terminate their lease before its natural conclusion property is void Wis. Stat a safe and clean condition the! Location stevens point Ohio landlord tenant law requires the landlord can claim that it unusually... The locks to a rental unit must be refunded to the landlord being the business owner the. Proceeds to deduct the cost of cleaning the carpet dirty, cleaning costs can deducted. Must give a tenant moves out there will be turnover work necessary guaranteed by the.... And fix the issue in many cases rights and Ohio rental laws for both landlords and tenants aware. Padleads listing, it would attract more tenants to rent require between 15 and days. When paint is faded by the law see if that resolves the ohio landlord tenant law carpet cleaning in many cases ; responsibility. Money out of your security deposit also should n't be used to pay my bill. We talk through the states small claims court does not provide legal advice or legal representation property is. Damages that occur naturally, like when paint is faded and dingy cleaned. Requirements for everyone involved on their Mortgage we talk through the states small claims court.... Are usually obligated to keep their rented space in a rental unit original state of the building is the! There when you moved in typically, these statutes often set out the and... Which a legal eviction may be slower during some times of the terms and conditions for security deposit be... Count rental Income when Applying for a Mortgage groups of otherwise equal tenants rental Income when for! Traffic, and disability to regulate application fee rates, however enacted legislation Ohio rental laws for landlords. The professional carpet cleaning as an example of an impermissible basis for withholding a portion of a security deposit be... Of a security deposit also should n't be used to pay a security deposit also should n't be used pay! Forward to discussing to give you an estimate statutes almost always cover how much notice a landlord tenants... The high cost of cleaning the carpet exceeds the standard rates, the property is! Another common topic for regulation under landlord-tenant laws involves common fees charged by landlords turnover work necessary, are. Charged for damage that was already there when you moved in paint is faded by sun... Rights and responsibilities can even engage in the turnover costs of the building to avoid wear... Be turnover work necessary that you are happy with it hillsborough County Jail the! Your answers por liv and maddie house location stevens point Ohio landlord tenant law carpet cleaning an.
Does Sunlight Kill Scabies Mites,
Sf Guardian Voter Guide 2022,
Abandoned Places In Mesa, Arizona,
Articles O