Since we were late by 10 years in the development of nuclear energy, Adamovich: [CLARIFICATION ON FEINBERG'S LAST NAME]. I witnessed all this, but it was hard for me to intervene in the process purely professionally while general declarations on this subject were received with hostility. Another idea that I have repeatedly talked about and asked to be implementedit has not been implemented yetis the idea of creating flying robots, that is, radio-controlled aircraft models that would carry sensors on them. Adamovich: [UNINTELLIGIBLE QUESTION] and which system controls all this apart from the Academy? Exactly there is where this question had to be experimentally verified. Indeed, even a person here is ill and I am lying down. First of all, it must be noted that this is an experiment that should not have been performed at a nuclear power plant, because the value of turbine coastdown at idle is something that should be measured on a special stand built by the designer of the turbine. Basically, they proposed to drop explosives. But, in reality, I think that the full picture of exactly what happened, and how, is not entirely clear to anyone. These were some of the smaller issues. It was clear that this was the graphite that had been burning and each particle of it carried with it a significant amount of radioactivity - so a new, difficult task presented itself to us: the graphite burns at a speed of 1 tonne per hour. 1 Question Everyone Working in Valery Legasov Tapes Transcript Should Know How to Answer Statement These circumstances need to be explained. Starting from the entrance to the station, its external signage, personnel training. Legasov: I probably cannot say because. [7] Viktor Alekseyevich Sidorenko called for immediate evacuation of Pripyat, which Legasov supported, as the situation was expected to deteriorate in the town, and this decision was approved by Shcherbina. Anyway, I called the experts with the drawings of the reactor and all the information that could be gathered. This share must be maintained in order to develop these energy sources but it cannot be the basis of energy [planning]. [5] Legasov was not religious but very interested in religious history and heritage. A lot of dams was constructed, dykes, that were meant to hold the contaminated debris, foliage and all that had contaminated the surface of the water and prevent radioactivity from spreading along the Pripyat and the Dnieper. But, in practice, the effort to put this needle in the right place from a helicopter was huge; and nearly no information was received from it. It would have been very expensive. So many discussions were had on this topic, so many surveys, so many measurements, and in the end, it turned out that the main source of contamination was the contamination on the roof of the 3rd block. Some stayed in the villages they were evacuated to, others immediately got tickets and went to their relatives. Because when preparations for the launch of the 3rd block beganand initially the idea was to launch it sometime after the 1st and 2nd blocksthe radiation conditions inside the 3rd block buildingsin its rooms, especially in the engine roomdid not allow doing even the audit work properly. But this is rubbish because all these rods are lowered by the operator; by the automatic system; by pressing a button, etc. The shift mode of work, all that was experienced, etc.all these circumstances must naturally be described as the secondary factors. However, he, together with Anatoly Petrovich, fought for quality once they lost with the containments. And so Meshkov Alexander Grigorievich came up to me and said that a Government Commission had been appointed and that I was included in it. That is why we chose SiO2, sand, which would perform the same function, that is, melting, flowing in the same way as dolomite; because magnesium oxide [sic] is a relatively good conductor of heat, the most conductive among all ceramics. But it also had an impressive impact once the work was complete. I remember the time when the Government Commission was still in Pripyat, we didnt have enough respirators, personal dosimeters called TLDs, and even somewhat reliable pencil dosimeters, that would show some measurements. Legasov: So, on that day and the following days, there was regular communication with Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov and Vladimir Ivanovich Dolgikh. First of all, we had to introduce as many boron-containing substances as was possible, so that under whatever conditions of fuel-mass movement, they would provide enough in the way of effective neutron absorbers. He arrived. Groundwater protection became one of our most important problems immediately around May. Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov had been on ChNPP many times . Adamovich: [faintly audible] And he remained there. But it was reported in such a way that one of them died from physical trauma while the second from chemical burns. They are trying to increase the reliability of the reactor so that there would not be an accident. Here I need to pay tribute to comrade Schekalov, the expert from the Institute of Nuclear Energy, and also to the experts from the Ukrainian (Kiev) Institute of Nuclear Research, who made great efforts to find the appropriate paths, put in the necessary sensors, and stretch cables to them. Buried and destroyed. That is, was it generating short-lived radioactive isotopes or not? We want to tell you the untold and hidden truth of the Chernobyl disaster. [19] Upon returning from Chernobyl for the second time on 12 May, he was a changed man, suffering from severe grief and radiation sickness. It is possible to safely talk about the programs that are led by Ruteny Mikhailovich Polevoy who established several of them. On all [communication] channels, they worked quietly, calmly and very confidently. These are the same industrial reactors that the Americans have. The 9th of May celebrations were ruined and we decided to drop another 80 tons of lead inside the crater. However, calculations showed that the time needed for the construction of the sarcophagus could be significantly reduced if the concrete domethe reliability of which was being questioned, whether the design would hold its weight is replaced by, so to speak, a pipe run. After that they would send it to TASS, to the television and the newspapers to inform people about what was going on, what the situation was. It would be, so to say, outside international standards, outside international regulations. Legasov: But I said so at the Politburo. Very basic, but it enabled keeping people's hands, and the food itself, safe from contamination. He was assigned to compile a report for the International Atomic Energy Agency about the causes and aftermath of the accident. In case of another situation, another team will assemble and so on. And it was found that the water was indeed there. Of course, there was frequent disagreement about the accuracy and correctness of the measurements and calculations, which resulted in basic measurement consistency not being guaranteed at any given measuring point. But, money being limited, no investments were made for 10 years. During the first stages, this was the most effective way where by using ordinary vehicles but with proper crew protection, it became possible to collect and dispose of the most contaminated debris, the most dangerous contaminations. Boris Scherbina had immediately called the NBC, which arrived very quickly with General Pikalov in command. So, if something, having a low probability but still, suddenly happens, it will remain limited to the area of the reactor itself. Take a few steps. The very number of nuclear stations, constantly increasing, simply from the most basic probability considerations, increases the risk of errors in the actions of personnel or failures in the operation of technical devices. It has become clear now that none of the almost 50,000 civilians of Pripyat, that were not at the station after the accident, had received any considerable amount of radiation. He demanded military acceptance; he demanded an improvement in the quality of equipment and so on. This is not a nuclear station. Sometime around the end of August, September or October, when the city was in a condition which allowed it to be preserved; it was safe to be in this didnt mean that the city could be inhabited normally, but that the city no longer posed any immediate danger was thanks to the armys efforts. I already had 180 roentgens in me and, thank God, I knew how to act in situations like these. After that, nothing happened. However they also compared what many specialists say. In other words, our minds were entirely on the upcoming labour. And so, before the Politburo, before the 5th of May, when Shcherbina had already left and Silayev had arrived, this was the 3rd or 4th of May, I heard the first call from Gorbachev to Silayev and his conversation with him. And above 75 rem, it is mandatory. That is true. This was in the late 50s. Adamovich: I see, so on the 2nd of May [Unclear]. Ordinary bulldozers and scrapers, but reinforced with lead sheets to protect the driver inside. Lead is everywhere but it is the one that comes from exhaust gases of vehicles. Legasov: The station staff. Because, well, one telegram was just provocative, clearly provocative. We met people that were ready to do any job in any circumstances. Thats why I understood the words of our Chairman of the Council of Ministers in a larger context, that it is not a feature of the development of nuclear energy that has come to this state, but a feature of the development of the national economy that has led to this. I started this journey more than a year ago, worked with some great Russian translators to make Valery's words seem as close to life as possible. Legasov: Yes, there is contamination in Chernobyl itself. And now, thorough research is underway to determine whether organisms that live in the water are ingesting some part of the radioactivity contained in the silt. Then the fuel began to heat up due to a bead there; and there was a release of already fission products such as Caesium and Strontium until the 20-22 of May when the contaminated areas were known. I took all that I could carry with me and at 4 oclock, I was at the airport. Valery Legasov's Tapes Tape 1 Tape 1 is Legasov explaining when he first heard there was a problem at Chernobyl and how he was forced to go to Chernobyl. It was discovered that this was simply a hack job. First, to not touch it and leave it as is with its radiation, counting on nature itself to somehow recycle it all, that is, the needles, that are the most contaminated, would fall off, after which the needles could be gathered and buried, while the tree trunks, branches, all these would remain relatively clean. It contains the above introduction and the original translation of the text, which I will replace with my revised version when I finish it. But the problem is that they were put in such a situation. But, in reality, there could be an accident. And that I must be at Vnukovo, at the airport, at 4 oclock to fly out. It will be simple or difficult to be there, in place, in general, all our. Different techniques for the artificial absorption of radionuclides on surfaces were tested. There was zero information; well, it only confirmed what had been obtained by other simpler and more reliable methods. The maximum temperature recorded there was around 2,000 degrees. He was interested in the current status of work, and the measures required from the government to resolve the situation faster. This project would have cost billions and such a canal would have passed through Belorussia. He listened very carefully (I thought that it would be hard for the country to supply so much material in a matter of days) and as I got to know later, ordered 6000 tons of lead, because he thought that we could have made a mistake in our calculations and it would be better to have surplus lead instead of not having enough. And I repeat that it should be based on the work we have previously done so that we refer to our own sources and not someone elses. At the end of the day, this group of course is made up of intelligent specialists, and maybe everything will fall into place. And then. His life was never the same. Because information came out in separate blocks. Also, the fundamental lack of containment, as practice has shown, cannot be compensated by the tightly sealed compartments. So in this sense, not an addition but actually an alternative to today's energy. But these experiments showed that the products of combustion will nevertheless carry away a large amount of radioactivity with them. But three projects became very successful, where we found good partners, and where we put in the maximum effort, using the highest levels of the government, using the authority of Anatoly Pavlovich and the Central Committee of the party. Secondly, what was calculated turned out to be significantly higher in practice than was accounted for because physical knowledge about this device was still not sufficient. By the way, looking back, I want to say once again that the question of how positive reactivity was added is a matter of discussion. We will try to add the best prepper articles and videos! And the pace of construction was increasing all the time and this made a lot of sense because, after about 4-5 months of operating the 1st and 2nd blocks in a shift mode of work, it had become obvious that psychologically and even physically it was very hard work. The decisions were made on the 26th of April, and carried out from that day through the 2nd of May. Something to change into. If there's one thing a specialist knows about a nuclear power plant, it's that it does not exhaust any gases. Physicists make up the majority. And this is necessary and essential. And I focussed on this. This is how the Americans fled. Adamovich: [Unclear] you talked about nitrogen. At Vnukovo, I found out that the head of the Government Commission was Boris Evdokimovich Scherbina, the chairman of the Bureau of Fuel and Energy. Yurchenko Yury Fedorovich was the director of this organization. what is the temperature? After that, the glowing stopped and the 9th of May was celebrated on the 10th of May in a calm and normal atmosphere. This military centre was organized, and worked on selecting appropriate measuring equipment, the most appropriate conditions and routes, on developing technological methods for decontamination. In the morning, they had already reported that two people had died. This base was quite contaminated. In other words, this issue was constantly under his control, as were all the other issues related to the Chernobyl accident. Say, for the uppermost points, we found that the temperature range was around 300-350 degrees [Celsius]. And at that moment, Mikhail Sergeyevich asked me to write a personal letter to him. This internal contamination had happened because of the ventilation intake. Thats why the most precise information about the state of the reactor was gathered from the ratio of short-lived and long-lived isotopes of iodine-134 and -131. So Ivan Stepanovich Silayev had to tackle all these issues. A hotel was nearby, a very good one, where the local authorities met us. But with Dolgikh, I myself spoke on the telephone many times. He organized a team in one of the industrial areas of Pripyat that would prepare these solutions. The same thing was done to all surfaces that could produce dust. Valery Legasov died in 1996 (Image: HBO) Before his death, Legasov recorded a series of tapes which revealed the Soviet government's secrets about its nuclear industry. And so there appeared a kind of natural desire to somehow minimize the spending on the rapid development of nuclear energy. The philosophy itself contradicted what we had at hand. People were going to the shops and the city was living its semi-usual life. Legasov: Explosives. Because the zone was still hot. But he was at his dacha, drinking vodka, and was not aware of anything. But it means taking into our own hands issues that fall within the sphere of Civil Defence. Then a few words need to be said about the concepts for the sarcophagus construction. These are three different types of reactors. Nothing got farther than 12 kilometres from the station. However, the more I learned about what was happening there, the more anxious I became. how much did it increase? And a large army [of journalists] appeared there. A large group of researchers from various organizations of the Soviet Union, from the Academy of Sciences , from the Kurchatov Institute of Nuclear Energy(when I say Academy of Sciences , for example, I mean of course the GeoChem [] and the entire Ukrainian Academy of Sciences), this whole group of researchers was working on a detailed assessment of the radioactive contamination of the area. It is clear that these localisation measures must be dynamic because it is economically and technically impossible to build containments over them. Say, a duty officer starts their shift. But where did they go? It is about 15-20 years within which all the questions we are discussing here must be resolved. He exposes scary things towards the end.Our Goal:The original tapes are unfortunately not available, but there are original Russian transcripts. The diagnostic wells worked continuously and measured the radioactivity of the groundwater, and if required, the service wells could be turned on to pump out the contaminated water. And there were difficult situations. This is the function of the science supervisor, not creating a particular device with given properties. [7], Along with colleagues like Viktor Alekseyevich Sidorenko, Legasov became concerned about the quality of equipment, poor construction, the lack of training of operators and the lack of training simulators. Another thing. The medics did not sign the protocol. Nikolai Ivanovich ERMAKOV, Chief of the 16th, Main Department, informed me about this. But the logic behind these actions was this. Because his colleagues got bonuses from the Ministry; because the institute was part of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building. It must be said that all the quantitative assessments show that the power of the explosion was equivalent of around three to four tons of TNT. And one died, from mechanical damage under the rubble of the destroyed buildings, and the, second died from thermal burns, that is, from a fire. [7] He opposed a plan to extend the underground cooling system outside the reactor 4 building, as well as other projects he considered to be redundant. But when N.I.Ryzhkov said that nuclear energy was heading towards it, then this picture, created over multiple years, emerged before my eyes. The station had lots of it stockpiled - it was used in construction, to mix with concrete to weigh it down. The entire group of the first Government commission departed, but Scherbina asked me and comrade Sidorenko to stay back for a while to finish the work. But actually, that doesnt have particular significance. In a word, the hotel, pretty decent, was near and here we were greeted by the, Do not sell or share my personal information. And here, at this moment, the main fundamental philosophical mistake in our approach to safety was made. The first four tapes feature only Legasov giving a recounting of the entire event, from the moment he learned of the accident to his final days at the Kurchatov Institute. It is told mainly through the stories of two real-life people Valery Legasov a chemist tasked to lead a. Then the next most likely is Bulgaria, Kozloduy. V.A.Kabanov, with the help of the heads of the Ministry of Chemical Industry managed to organize production in Dzerzhinsk that was sufficient for our needs. Also, there are, of course, specific culprits. Talk about the various organizations that are involved both on the site and in their offices; about the medical radiology centre that has been created there. But it was from abroad, this telegram. There were countless industry councils where something was discussed. But in reality, due to a lack of understanding of this whole philosophy, they are worsening the condition of the device. [15][16] From 1978 to 1983, he was a professor at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Thereafter, talk about the Novovoronezh station, the 1st block of which has already been built as a nuclear station designed to be operated in a continuous mode with a civilian crew, and describe the protection systems that have been used at that station. My first idea was to drop iron shot. When one looks at the chain of events, why someone acted in this way and another in that way and so on, it is impossible to point to a single culprit, an initiator of all the unpleasant events that led to the crime. He was very angry with, say, Makuhin, the First Deputy Minister of Energy and Electrification, who, it seemed to him, was working slowly; and he even made a quick decision to fire him. In addition, prepperhub.org pupose is: sharing knowledge with the help of fellow preppers. Around this time, the helicopter people found a very effective way of operating by setting up an observation post on the roof of the Pripyat party committee building. It seemed that it would be impossible to decontaminate this city because everywhere one went, there were very high levels of radiation, say, 700-800 milliroentgens per hour. But the number of such attempts was small, and they were quickly suppressed. It stood beside it, as a separate independent organisation, and had the right to dictate its scientific requirements and positions. By the evening of the 26th, all possible manners of flooding the core had been tried, though it resulted in nothing but high steam generation and the spread of water through the various transport corridors in the neighbouring unite. So this process took two to three hours. The staff began to age. The maximum rate of combustion under the temperatures we established (the temperature of graphite combustion) is around a ton per hour. But Legasov's daughter claimed to Moskovskij Komsomolets. But then, in a conversation, he said that RBMK reactors are very dangerous. The answer is NO. 2002-2023 | email | guestbook | to top And when comrade Vedernikov and his team replaced Gusev, the construction of the sarcophagus had already begun. Legasov was particularly concerned with complex systems reliant on a single operator without adequate safety systems. It was led by comrade Petrov who had arrived here earlier. The former didn't add anything to the note, while the latter added a number of organisational notes. So they voted him down at the elections to the Academic Council. Not every work progress was documented, whether it had been completed or not. However, the particles would agglomerate in the air and fall down again within the station territory. The director of the station, Briukhanov said when Volkov called him, What are you worried about? The management system for this complex mechanism was established gradually. Also, we didnt know the exact temperatures at various points of the destroyed Chernobyl reactor. This resulted in a considerable reduction of radioactivity spreading from reactor number 4 to a wider area. It was particularly hard for the miners because, beneath the station territory, a large number of pipes and plates were buried in the ground. Because in the military industry, with a limited number of devices, strict military acceptance at multiple timesmilitary acceptance at the manufacturer, military acceptance during the operationmultiple examinations, staff retraining, etc And when you suddenly, with the same device, enter the domestic infrastructure where there is nothing similarno simulators, no training systems, no training systems at all, not to mention the training systems for emergencies. All conceptual talks, all attempts at adopting a scientific, consistent approach towards this problem, they did not accept at all. The two-circuit system heats the water in the second circuit, and the water in the second circuit, turning into steam, drives the turbine. The sarcophagus itself had not yet been begun but the approaches to it had already been concreted. After that, more and more thorough dosimetric measurements of the situation were carried out. The research part of the work was awarded the USSR State prize. US 605 of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building was completing the construction of the sarcophagus, which was later named Shelter. He felt that the leadership would be split between the council and the USSR Academy of Sciences, saying "This will lead to disaster. Legasov: Yes, on the 26th in the evening, around 6 or 7 pm, when there was a crimson glow as we were arriving. Such protective dams were built and had a positive effect. AS A GUARDIAN], Legasov: Anatoly Petrovich had nothing to do with the design of the RBMK reactor at all. This meant that a kind of equilibrium would be achieved: the uranium oxide fuel pellets would melt and stop producing additional radioactive particles. Although the power plant is called Chernobyl Station, it is situated 18 kilometres away from this regional city. Nuclear energy in the Soviet Union has not emerged from the energy sector but from, as it were, the nuclear industry; where highly trained and disciplined personnel were used, where special military acceptance was in place for every piece of equipment; and consequently the reliability in this sphere of nuclear industry, both from personnel and equipment point of view, was very high. Then, by taking radiochemical measurements, we established that no short-lived iodium isotopes were being produced and hence the reactor was not operational and was in sub-critical state. But this caused a storm in the Ministry. This is impossible. The 1st and 2nd blocks continued to work despite their internal rooms having a relatively high level of contamination which was in the tens or even hundreds of milliroentgens per hour. [28] He was very disappointed that he was the only member of his Chernobyl team that did not receive the award "hero of socialist labor". He got them all from the metallurgical factories of Ukraine or somewhere else, and all of these materials were delivered. [13][9] In 1967,[citation needed] he defended his thesis at the Kurchatov Institute, under the supervisor Isaak Kikoin, on the synthesis of compounds of noble gases and the study of their properties[citation needed].
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