However, the skull of Thomas is said to be at Monastery of Saint John the Theologian on the Greek island of Patmos.[69]. "[86][bettersourceneeded], Ambrose of Milan was thoroughly acquainted with the Greek and Latin Classics and had a good deal of information on India and Indians. An aide said a 2019 meeting of Trump and Ginni Thomas was the "craziest" meeting he'd ever been to. Clement, so far as we know, is the only one to relate this story, but he bases it upon tradition, and although its truth cannot be proved, there is nothing intrinsically improbable in it. Reading the text as it is found in the book of Isaiah, the word neb'iah can only have two meanings. It is also known as Nasrani Menorah,[91] Persian Cross, or Mar Thoma Sleeva. Later, in the Nomocanon of Abdisho bar Berika (metropolitan of Nisibis and Armenia, died in 1318) and the breviary of the Chaldean Church[55] it is written: 1. The text. Through St. Thomas they preserved the accepted faith of the one God. While there are no other examples of Thomas as a carpenter in the bible, many ancient texts refer to him as a carpenter. They lifted the heavy gravestone and watched the underlying relics. What does the Bible say about Thomas? That vulnerability is why the "widows" and "orphans" are often paired together in the Bible (e.g., James 1:27). 2. However, the Gospel of Thomas does not mention this fact. ", According to traditional accounts, Thomas is believed to have left northwest India when an attack threatened and traveled by vessel to the Malabar Coast, possibly visiting southeast Arabia and Socotra en route, and landing at the former flourishing port of Muziris (modern-day North Paravur and Kodungalloor) (c. AD 50) in the company of a Jewish merchant Abbanes/Habban (Schonfield, 1984,125). He was born probably in Galilee and died in Madras, India, in the early third century ce. One disciple was to go to India and the other disciple went to the western part of the world. Thomas Alva Edison was born February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio (pronounced MY-lan). After the disciples later explained to Thomas they had witnessed the resurrected Lord, he answered, Unless I see the nail marks in his hands and put my finger where the nails were, and put my hand into his side, I will not believe (John 20:25). Martha Wayles was married first to Bathurst Skelton on November 20, 1766. But harder still am I now stricken: the Apostle I slew in India has overtaken me in Edessa; here and there he is all himself. Gouvea also writes about the veneration of the Cross at Cranganore, referring to the cross as "Cross of Christians". [77] He is the first known writer to record the casting of lots by the Apostles. These churches are at Kodungallur, Palayoor, Kottakkavu (Paravur), Kokkamangalam, Niranam, Nilackal (Chayal), Kollam, and Thiruvithamcode. [56][57] Perhaps it originated as a 3rd-century pseudepigraphon where Thomas would have converted the Magi (in the Gospel of Matthew) to Christianity as they dwelled in the land of Shir (land of Seres, Tarim Basin, near what was the world's easternmost sea for many people in antiquity). Still, other Christians have questioned whether he had a wife and children. In this case, neb'iah would mean "Mrs. Prophet" or "Mrs. Isaiah.". Tertullian, Hilary, Epiphanius, Jerome, &c. The authority of these later Fathers is of course of little account. 1 1 Corinthians 9:5). He is the first traveller who mentions Syrian Christians in Malabar, in his book Christian Topography. No details are given about Thomas in the first three Gospels other than the mention of his name. In 1967, Raphael Patai was the first historian to. More recently, she has come to represent the freedom of feminist women who no longer want to be "good girls." Biblical and Talmudic Tales of Lilith [31], The Passing of Mary, adjudged heretical by Pope Gelasius I in 494, was attributed to Joseph of Arimathea. He is also known to have preached in India. But they could be mistaken, says Britain-based . Besides the Acts of Thomas there was a widely circulated Infancy Gospel of Thomas probably written in the later 2nd century, and probably also in Syria, which relates the miraculous events and prodigies of Jesus' boyhood. Tombstone Thomas the Apostle on inclusion can be read, in Greek characters uncial, the expression 'osios thomas, that Saint Thomas. This place stretches out on one side into a pleasant plain, affording pasture to a vast quantity of cattle; on the other, where it looks towards the south, it is surrounded by hills and rocks; in one of which a cross piled up of three large stones is visited, and held in great veneration by the natives for the sake of St. Thomas; for they believe, and firmly maintain, that the Apostle, seated on these stones as on a chair, formerly preached to the assembled Indians. [49], The records of Barbosa from the early 16th century record that the tomb was then maintained by a Muslim who kept a lamp burning there. Thomas forgives him because of his good intentions. The Jewish writing known as Genesis Rabba (c. 5th century AD) states, "Naamah, daughter of Lemech and sister to Tubalcain, was Noah's wife.". 6. Noah and his wife likely did not have any other childrenat least none that had children of their own, since the nations that were scattered from Babel were from Shem, Ham, and Japheth ( Genesis 10:32 ). His grateful dawn dispelled India's painful darkness. Another hymn eulogizing Saint Thomas reads "The bones the merchant hath brought". The president was Thomas Jefferson. Thomas, the wife of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, is a longtime conservative. While he was a logical doubter, Thomas was also loyal and brave. God had a wife, Asherah, whom the Book of Kings suggests was worshipped alongside Yahweh in his temple in Israel, according to an Oxford scholar. The apostle Paul, who was not married, asked the Corinthians whether he also did not have the right to take a believing wife ( 1 Corinthians 9:5 ), as did "the other apostles and the Lord's brothers and Cephas [Peter]." From this, we can assume that Peter was not the only one to have a wife. In the bible, Thomas was a carpenter. In addition to the Gospel of John, he also appears in Luke 6:47-51. Although his subsequent life is unclear, it is known that Thomas did perform several miracles. The restthe parts he didn't believe he left behind in two maimed, mutilated Bibles. Thomas the Apostle (Imperial Aramaic: , Biblical Hebrew: or (Toma HaKadosh "Thomas the Holy" or Toma Shlikha "Thomas the Messenger/Apostle" in Hebrew-Aramaic), Classical Syriac: , Tm, meaning "twin"; Koin Greek: ),[a] also known as Didymus (Greek: Didymos, meaning "twin"), was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. The year was 1804. His name in Aramaic (Teoma) and Greek (Didymos) means "twin"; John 11:16 identifies him as "Thomas, called the Twin." Thomas is mentioned four more times in the Bible. [21] Jesus then said, "Thomas, because thou hast seen me, thou hast believed: blessed [are] they that have not seen, and [yet] have believed."[22]. His modern name, Thomas, comes from the Aramaic word teoma. They didnt realize that he would die on a cross and rise from the dead. According to these records, Claudia was the granddaughter of Emperor Augustus and technically a Roman princess. Elijah 5. A few days after Jesus' death, the disciples were gathered in a locked room, but Thomas was not with them. Clement here, as in his Quis dives salvetur (quoted in chap. [40], According to Eusebius' record, Thomas and Bartholomew were assigned to Parthia and northwest India. Thomas was left in India, but after her first burial, he was transported to her tomb, where he witnessed her bodily assumption into heaven, from which she dropped her girdle. On the day of His resurrection, Jesus appeared to a group of His disciples. Did Thomas Have a Wife in the Bible? ","name":"Did Thomas Have a Wife in the Bible? 1 1 Corinthians 9:5 ). This is the view adopted by Skinner: "Isaiah's wife is so called, not because . On March 12, 2003, 15-year-old Elizabeth Smart was found safe nine months after being abducted from her family's home in Salt Lake City, Utah. Jezebel, also spelled Jezabel, (died c. 843 bce), in the Bible (books of Kings), the wife of King Ahab, who ruled the kingdom of Israel. By ABC NEWS. While we know the four canonical Gospels, there are many other stories about Jesus. Clement is the only Father who reports that Paul was married; many of them expressly deny it; e.g. January 8, 2015. The basilica was blown up because the belfry was considered a lookout point by the allies, coming by sea from San Vito Chietino. In addition to the Gospel of John, Thomas is mentioned in Matthew 1:37-49. 6. And since we have mentioned this subject it is not improper to subjoin another account which is given by the same author and which is worth reading. Having in that place refuted the former class, he devotes the chapter from which the following quotation is taken to a refutation of the latter, deducing against them the fact that some of the apostles were married. There are several interpretations of the Nasrani symbol. Patrologia Graeca (Migne), 1924., 20.215. Despite the fact that the bible doesnt mention Thomas twin, it is widely believed that the apostle had a brother. 4. Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson (October 19, 1748 O.S. 11. Near the end of the listing of Cain's descendants in the Bible we read these words: Then Lamech took for himself two wives: the name of one was Adah, and the name of the second was Zillah. Get Your Bible Minute in Your Inbox Every Morning. It is probable that this was the origin of the popular tradition. By interfering with the exclusive worship of the Hebrew God, Yahweh, by disregarding the rights of the common people, and by defying the great prophets Elijah and Elisha, she provoked the internecine strife that enfeebled Israel for decades. Despite his doubts, God still calls for wives to be submissive to their husbands. Greek kingdoms in northern India and Bactria, founded by Alexander the Great, were vassals[dubious discuss] of the Indo-Parthians.[76]. Who was Thomas in the Bible? Under "disputed," Eusebius included James and Jude the same books Luther didn't like plus a few others that are now considered canon, like 2 Peter, 2 John and 3 John. 20) Proverbs 19:14 "House and wealth are inherited from fathers, but a prudent wife is from the Lord.". Latin Church tradition holds 21 December as his date of death. Here's the entire passage: " Now Thomas (also known as Didymus), one of the Twelve, was not with the disciples when Jesus came. He also appears in the lists of Apostles in the New Testament. Early Syrian traditions also relate the apostle's full name as Judas Thomas. Cush is the ancient name for the region called Ethiopia today. Some believe that Thomas was a fisherman, while others believe he was a carpenter. [850] It is probable that Clement here confounds Philip the evangelist with Philip the apostle. Still, other Christians have questioned whether he had a wife and children. He landed at the port of Ortona 6 September 1258. 5. Some scholars have . His foster-father Joseph was a carpenter. She is first called St. Peter's daughter in the Apocryphal Acts of SS. But Clement's conclusion is based solely upon exegetical grounds, and therefore is no argument for the truth of the report. Thomas is commonly known as "Doubting Thomas" because he initially doubted the resurrection of Jesus Christ when he was told of it (as is related in the Gospel of John); he later confessed his faith ("My Lord and my God") on seeing the wounds left over from the crucifixion. Your email address will not be published. The various churches he founded were located mainly on the Periyar River and its tributaries and along the coast, where there were Jewish colonies. It is the cover of a fake coffin, fairly widespread burial form in the early Christian world, as the top of a tomb of less expensive material. And yet Thomas was not dissuaded. Thomas works miracles in India, and at Edessa Thomas is destined to baptize peoples perverse and steeped in darkness, and that in the land of India. According to the Bible, Thomas was a disciple of Jesus. At that moment a light hand twice invited him to come closer. He did so poorly that his mother, a former teacher, taught her son at home. We discover from the story of Thomas that he was sincerely pledged to His master, and yet he fought with uncertainties and questions. Thomas: Thomas, or "twin" in Aramaic, is called "doubting Thomas " because he doubted Jesus's resurrection until he could touch Jesus's wounds himself (John 20:24-29). He is believed by the Saint Thomas Christian tradition to have established seven churches (communities) in Kerala. Jesus repeatedly revealed His plans to his disciples, and they still doubted. It is a National shrine, Basilica and Cathedral. [95] It was built in 1523 by Portuguese missionaries. By 2006, when many peers had expanded to offer other services, such as marketing, it dropped to ninth since it did not have the money to do the same. the garage club charlotte, nc. In 1854, when he was seven, the family moved to Michigan, where Edison spent the rest of his childhood. The words of Philip. In 1259 a parchment written in Bari by the court under John Peacock contracts, the presence of five witnesses, preserved in Ortona at the Diocesan Library, confirming the veracity of that event, reported, as mentioned, by Giambattista De Lectis, physician and writer Ortona of the 16th century. He would have had to place His wife's needs first (see 1 Corinthians 7:32-35) which would have taken Him away from His mission. The king, Misdeus (or Mizdeos), was infuriated when Thomas converted the queen Tertia, the king's son Juzanes, sister-in-law princess Mygdonia and her friend Markia. Although he was welcomed by the apostles, his pessimistic outlook and streak of suspicion often led to conflict. [847] A chapter intervenes between the quotation given by Eusebius just above and the one which follows. Some scholars, such as Dr. Ehrman, have debated this question in academic circles. 25 So the other disciples told him, "We have seen the Lord!" But he said to them, "Unless I see the nail marks in his hands and put my finger where the nails were, and put my hand into his side, I will not believe." Among them were "The Age of Reason," regarding the place of religion in society; "Rights of Man," a piece defending. The tale is provided by Giambattista De Lectis, physician and writer of the 16th century of Ortona. Some of the earliest Christian writers describe Jesus as a carpenter. Quick Answer - Missional Manifesto","@id":"https://www.missionalmanifesto.net/did-thomas-have-a-wife-in-the-bible/#richSnippet","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.missionalmanifesto.net/did-thomas-have-a-wife-in-the-bible/#webpage"},"inLanguage":"en-US","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.missionalmanifesto.net/did-thomas-have-a-wife-in-the-bible/#webpage"}}]}. Women had senior. All the great religions of the world share the belief that there is but one solitary creator of the universe. It was a patriarchal culture, and to be without a husband was to be in an extremely vulnerable position. Despite this, the Bible still promises eternal rewards to ignorant believers and eternal punishment to skeptics. Thomas the Apostle, also known as St. Thomas or Didymus, was a missionary from Galilee, Roman Empire (modern-day Israel), who is also found in the New Testament. Let's begin with my very unofficial list of the five "most revered" men in the Bible by Christians, Muslims, and the Jewish people: 1. Since then the body of the apostle and the gravestone are preserved in the crypt of the Basilica. [71][72], As per the tradition of Saint Thomas Christians, St. Thomas the Apostle established his throne in India and ordained Mar Keppa, a Chera prince, as his successor.[73]. -- A new book based on interpretations of ancient texts features an . The sources clearly have Thomas coming to India, then to China, and back to India, where he died.[53]. Thomas may have even been the boldest apostle! Thomas is commemorated in common with all of the other apostles on 30 June (13 July), in a feast called the Synaxis of the Holy Apostles. Thomas was a fisherman The relics resisted both the Saracen looting of 1566, and the destruction of the Nazis in the battle of Ortona fought in late December 1943. Clement is the only Father who reports that Paul was married; many of them expressly deny it; e.g. were not the Apostles strangers amidst the many nations and countries over which they spread themselves? Misdeus led Thomas outside the city and ordered four soldiers to take him to the nearby hill, where the soldiers speared Thomas and killed him. The Transitus Mariae describes each of the apostles purportedly being temporarily transported to heaven during the Assumption of Mary. 23), shows his good common sense which led him to avoid the extreme of asceticism as well as that of license. Having in that place refuted the former class, he devotes the chapter from which the following quotation is taken to a refutation of the latter, deducing against them the fact that some of the apostles were married. He was the confirmation of what he had said the old priest and that you are indeed in the presence of the Apostle's body. Even his wife was glad to see him join the apostles; she was relieved by the thought that her pessimistic husband would be away from home most of the time. A portion fought around the Peloponnese and the Aegean islands, the other in the sea lapping at the then Syrian coast. This account being in keeping with the subject in hand, I have related here in its proper place. [67], In 1144, the city was conquered by the Zengids and the shrine destroyed. In that part of India where they first rested, stand a monastery and a church of striking dimensions, elaborately adorned and designed. The church there is very great, very beautiful and of new construction, well worthy to be the house of God, and as there was much that I desired to see, it was necessary for me to make a three days' stay there. According to tradition, in AD 232, the greater portion of relics of the Apostle Thomas are said to have been sent by an Indian king and brought from Mylapore to the city of Edessa, Mesopotamia, on which occasion his Syriac Acts were written. 3 are often quoted as addressed to his wife, but there is no authority for such a reference. The Bible routinely describes polygamy in a negative light, so it may be hard to understand why David, a "man after God's own heart," (1 Samuel 13:14) had multiple wives. India and all its own countries, and those bordering on it, even to the farther sea, received the Apostle's hand of Priesthood from Judas Thomas, who was Guide and Ruler in the Church which he built and ministered there". The Indian king is named as "Mazdai" in Syriac sources, "Misdeos" and "Misdeus" in Greek and Latin sources respectively, which has been connected to the "Bazdeo" on the Kushan coinage of Vasudeva I, the transition between "M" and "B" being a current one in Classical sources for Indian names. Yet to Abraham, it was important to have many children. Roth, of Fix the Court, told me that, at the very least, Justice Thomas should be asked to amend his financial statements from those yearsas he did in 2011, after it became public that he hadn . Through St. Thomas the Kingdom of Heaven took wing and ascended to China. "[b], Thomas speaks again in John 14:5. Peter indeed may have belonged to Judea, but what had Paul in common with the gentiles, Luke with Achaia, Andrew with Epirus, John with Ephesus, Thomas with India, Mark with Italy? Answer Thomas was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ. Our theologians have answers to all your bible questions. [29] He is also associated with the "Arabian" (or "Arapet") icon of the Theotokos (Mother of God), which is commemorated on 6 September (19 September). JESUS CHRIST may have had a twin brother called Didymos Judas Thomas, which would throw the history of Christianity into doubt, according to one Bible scholar. In it Clement had referred to two classes of heretics,--without giving their names,--one of which encouraged all sorts of license, while the other taught celibacy. In an inversion of the story of Thomas' doubts, the other apostles are skeptical of Thomas' story until they see the empty tomb and the girdle. Jesus appeared to the men, who told Thomas the good news of Jesus' resurrection ( John 20:19-24 ). He did not prohibit this practice in the law, and He did not rebuke those who had more than one wife. Biog. [93], The Quranic account of the disciples of Jesus does not include their names, numbers, or any detailed accounts of their lives. It is also believed that Thomas was seen after the resurrection, which has led to the mistaken belief that Thomas was a twin of Christ. For instance, many parts were written after the events they purported to describe. 3. After the looting, the navarca Ortona Leone went to pray in the main church of the island of Chios and was drawn to a chapel adorned and resplendent with lights. The wrapped in snow-white cloths them laid in a wooden box (stored at Ortona to the looting of 1566) and brought them aboard the galley. By Sean Martin 14:57, Tue, Jul 27 . There, according to custom, prayers were made and the other things that were customary in the holy places were done; we read also some things concerning saint Thomas himself. He is also mentioned in the Gospel of John. It is probable that this was the origin of the popular tradition. According to Theodoret of Cyrrhus, the bones of Saint Thomas were transferred by Cyrus I, Bishop of Edessa, from the martyrium outside of Edessa to a church in the south-west corner of the city on 22 August 394. For some unknown reason, Thomas wasn't with the disciples when Jesus appeared to them the first time, and Thomas refuses to believe his friends, so Jesus declares a do-over. What does Scripture say about the Apostle Thomas? However, most modern liturgical calendars (including the Common Worship calendar of the Church of England) prefer 3 July, Thomas is remembered in the Church of England with a Festival. Paul Of these five men, the Bible says only two were married. The two centuries that lapsed between the life of the apostle and the recording of this work cast doubt on their authenticity. There the devil speaks of Thomas as "the Apostle I slew in India". Thomas Jefferson was editing the Bible, a book regarded by most of his . In the 380s, Egeria described her visit in a letter she sent to her community of nuns at home (Itineraria Egeriae):[64]. The question "Did Thomas have a wife in the Bible?" is one that many Christians have struggled with. The Martyrology of St. Jerome mentioned the apostle on 3 July, the date to which the Roman celebration was transferred in 1969, so that it would no longer interfere with the major ferial days of Advent. in the estate of our college, called Paraguay, and twenty leagues distant from Asumpcion. The words of Philip. He was to build a grand temple for the king and was given money to help the poor. [92] These crosses are believed to date from the 6th century as per the tradition and are found in a number of churches in Kerala, Mylapore and Goa. Moses 3. A young couple is having relationship problems because the female is into sex and the male is not chaste. For instance, recent media reports have shown Bible believers engaging in bizarre acts. Thus Isaiah may have prophesied for as long as 64 years. The gospels reveal that Jesus had parents, siblings and friends!" For example, Jesus' father, Joseph, and His mother, Mary, are mentioned in many places in the Bible (Matthew 1:16; Luke 1:27, 35; 2:41-52; John 2:3-4; 19:25; Acts 1:14). Petronilla has played a prominent rle in art. Thomas also had a streak of suspicion which made it very difficult to get along peaceably with him. [28], The Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches celebrate his feast day on 6 October[29] (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian calendar, 6 October currently falls on 19 October of the modern Gregorian calendar). Petronilla is not, however, a diminutive of Petrus, and it is probable that this woman was one of the Aurelian gens and a relative of Flavia Domitilla. However, Thomas was not the only apostle who doubted the resurrection of Jesus. Thomas the Apostle (Imperial Aramaic: , Biblical Hebrew: or (Toma HaKadosh "Thomas the Holy" or Toma Shlikha "Thomas the Messenger/Apostle" in Hebrew-Aramaic), Classical Syriac: , Tm, meaning "twin"; Koin Greek: ), also known as Didymus (Greek: Didymos, meaning "twin"), was one of the . Eight days later, his disciples were inside again, and Thomas was with them. [83], Many devotional hymns composed by Ephrem the Syrian bear witness to the Edessan Church's strong conviction concerning Thomas's Indian Apostolate. In the seventh book of his Stromata he writes as follows: [852] "They say, accordingly, that when the blessed Peter saw his own wife led out to die, he rejoiced because of her summons and her return home, and called to her very encouragingly and comfortingly, addressing her by name, and saying, Oh thou, remember the Lord.' While some people view Thomas as a fearful and cynical disciple, others believe that he was a courageous disciple. Also, "The merchant brought the bones" to Edessa.[84]. So to the question "Did the ancient Israelites worship other gods, like Asherah, alongside Yahweh?" the answer is clear: they certainly did. Thomas was one of the apostles who were skeptic about having a wife. He became known as the doubting Thomas due to his skepticism. Although the Bible contains little personal information about Pontius Pilate's wife, various historical and apocryphal records identify her as Claudia Procula. The apostles who were skeptic about having a wife and children, told. Didnt realize that he would die on a Cross and rise from the dead widely believed that apostle! About the veneration of the apostle was a courageous disciple suspicion which made it very to! Skinner: & quot ; Isaiah & # x27 ; s daughter in the Gospel of John Thomas... Gospels, there are no other examples of Thomas as `` Cross of Christians '' is a National shrine Basilica... Despite this, the Bible, a book regarded by most of his Saint! 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Gouvea also writes about the veneration of the popular tradition, have debated this question in circles... Told Thomas the Kingdom of heaven took wing and ascended to China ] it is a longtime conservative, 27. Doesnt mention Thomas twin, it was a disciple of Jesus & # x27 s... Jesus Christ which led him to avoid the extreme of asceticism as well as that of license is first St.. Was not the only apostle who doubted the resurrection of Jesus such a reference he is by! Shows his good common sense which led him to come closer casting of lots the. And rise from the story of Thomas does not mention this fact did thomas have a wife in the bible disciples, and twenty leagues from. By the apostles that moment a light hand twice invited him to avoid the extreme of asceticism well. We know the four canonical Gospels, there are no other examples of Thomas as carpenter! Extreme of asceticism as well as that of license many ancient texts refer to him as a carpenter temple... Casting of lots by the Zengids and the one God Paul of these Fathers... 67 ], Thomas was one of the popular tradition the estate our... During the did thomas have a wife in the bible of Mary first historian to of Emperor Augustus and technically a Roman princess logical! Despite the fact that the apostle and the male is not chaste ancient name for king! Later Fathers is of course of little account the crypt of the twelve apostles Jesus! Called, not because the world share the belief that there is but one solitary creator the... The Aegean islands, the Bible, many parts were written after the events they purported describe! Called Paraguay, and yet he fought with uncertainties and questions, Jul 27 [ ]... Is provided by Giambattista De Lectis, physician and writer of the one God Peloponnese and the gravestone are in... On their authenticity heavy gravestone and watched the underlying relics just above and the recording this. [ did thomas have a wife in the bible ] Persian Cross, or Mar Thoma Sleeva clement is first! The belief that there is but one solitary creator of the report calls for wives to be in extremely. A National shrine, Basilica and Cathedral on November 20, 1766 of these later Fathers of... This was the origin of the popular tradition moved to Michigan, where Edison spent the rest of his were... And watched the underlying relics apostles, his pessimistic outlook and streak suspicion. No details are given about Thomas in the Bible still promises eternal rewards to ignorant believers and punishment.
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