All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Prop 7 added Section 3a of Article 1 of the Texas Constitution. In the 2010s, due in part to fourth-wave feminism and the Me Too movement, there was a renewed interest in adoption of the ERA. Frances "Sissy" Tarlton Farenthold and Barbara Jordan between 1968 and 1972. The Court agreed after consideration of the memorandum for the Administrator of General Services.REF In that memo, the Acting Solicitor General noted that because the 1972 ERAs ratification deadline had passed with fewer than two-thirds of the states ratifying, the Amendment has failed of adoption.REF, The Idaho v. Freeman case, therefore, is instructive in two respects. As this Legal Memorandum will explain, advocates who claim that the 1972 ERA can still be ratified make four errors. Influential news sources such as Time also supported the cause of the protestors. Twenty-five states have adopted constitutions or constitutional amendments providing that equal rights under the law shall not be denied because of sex. Similarly, neither House nor Senate debates on the twenty-third, twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth, or twenty-sixth amendments observed the fact that the seven-year limitation had shifted to the resolving clause.REF Congress saw no significance whatsoever in the location of a ratification deadline. It failed in those states because both houses of a state's legislature must approve, during the same session, in order for that state to be deemed to have ratified. Fourth, this argument fails again to distinguish between amendments that have no ratification deadline and those that do. In 1957, the B&PW sent attorney Hermine D. Tobolowsky of Dallas to a Texas Senate committee hearing to testify for a bill authorizing married women to control property separately from their husbands. Between 1995 and 2016, ERA ratification bills were released from committee in some states and were passed by one but not both houses of the legislature in two of them. State-Level Equal Rights Amendments. [22] Alice Paul and her National Woman's Party asserted that women should be on equal terms with men in all regards, even if that means sacrificing benefits given to women through protective legislation, such as shorter work hours and no night work or heavy lifting. The Texas ERA passed on Nov. 7, 1972, with 2,156,536 votes in favor, 548,422 votes against. And, in a historic vote to become the 38th state to ratify, the state of Virginia voted to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment on January 15, 2020. The Equal Rights Amendment was passed by Congress on March 22, 1972 and sent to the states for ratification. Governor Ben Ramsey argued that women in his region preferred the protection of existing Texas laws to the equality authorized by the proposed amendment. First, ERA advocates falsely assert that Congress promulgated the Madison Amendment after assessing whether the amendment had lost its vitality through lapse of time.REF Michigan became the 38th state to ratify the Madison Amendment on May 7, 1992.REF On May 18, 1992, pursuant to statute,REF the Archivist certified that the Madison Amendment has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the Constitution of the United States.REF, Thereafter, the House and Senate passed resolutions recognizing the Amendment.REF House Concurrent Resolution 320, for example, declared that the Madison Amendment has been ratified by a sufficient number of the States and has become a part of the Constitution.REF Two Senate resolutionsREF declared that the Madison Amendment has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the Constitution. On their face, these resolutions recognize or memorialize what had already occurred. Texas Women's Political Times, Spring 1983. By allowing women to keep their existing and future special protections, it was expected that the ERA would be more appealing to its opponents. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. In 1893, the fair featured a woman's congress of over 300 women. On February 19, 2020, the States of Alabama, Louisiana, Nebraska, South Dakota and Tennessee moved to intervene in the case. [1] 2023 www.statesman.com. [173] In 2013, ERA Action began to gain traction with this strategy through their coordination with U.S. [1] The first version of an ERA was written by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman and introduced in Congress in December 1923.[2][3][4]. The Equal Rights Amendment was conceptually simple; it would grant Congress the ability to enforce legal equality between men and women via an amendment to the constitution. Rather, it ignores the distinction between when a ratification deadline is in the future and when it has already passed. The Equal Rights Amendment was first drafted in 1923 by two leaders of the women's suffrage movement, Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman. Fair Park is now a National Historic Landmark. For these reasons, the U.S. Department of Justices Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) concluded that Dillons discussionwas merely a dictum.REF, While the Courts comment in Dillon about ratification being sufficiently contemporaneous is irrelevant because, as dictum, it is not legal binding precedent, Colemans treatment of this issue is irrelevant for a different reason. [74], The action on the part of South Dakota lawmakersoccurring 21 days prior to originally agreed-upon deadline of March 22, 1979could be viewed as slightly different from a rescission. It took longer for the states to ratify this amendment than any other in history. 31 Aug 2010, modified 9 June 2019, Texas State Historical Association. See Virginia Attorney General Opinion Letter, supra, at 4. In July 1982, after the 1972 ERAs extended ratification deadline had passed, the Acting Solicitor General prepared a memorandum for the Administrator of General Services explaining why this legal challenge should be dismissedand later asked the Supreme Court to do so. Instead, it was usually blocked in committee; except in 1946, when it was defeated in the Senate by a vote of 38 to 35not receiving the required two-thirds supermajority. However, the 92nd Congress did not incorporate any time limit into the body of the actual text of the proposed amendment, as had been done with a number of other proposed amendments.[89]. [31][32][33], ERA supporters were hopeful that the second term of President Dwight Eisenhower would advance their agenda. All rights reserved. It is difficult to argue that such a consensus lasted even to 1979the 1972 ERAs original ratification deadline. [203] The House passed the resolution by a 222204 vote on March 17, 2021. 208 took place in the mid-to-late afternoon in Washington, D.C., when it was still midday in Hawaii. The question today is not only whether Congress can adjust, amend, or extend a ratification deadline after sending an amendment to the states, as it did for the 1972 ERA, but whether it can do so after that deadline has passed. [128] In 1973, future Supreme Court justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg summarized a supporting argument for the ERA in the American Bar Association Journal: The equal rights amendment, in sum, would dedicate the nation to a new view of the rights and responsibilities of men and women. 10), Kentucky (March 17, 1978: House [Joint] Resolution No. It firmly rejects sharp legislative lines between the sexes as constitutionally tolerable. Elections in 2023 | The accompanying report described the ratification history and stated that the Supreme Court dismissed the Freeman litigation on the grounds that the ERA was dead for the reasons given by the administrator of general services.REF This echoed CRS earlier conclusion decades earlier that the ERA died on June 30, 1982. In other words, the effort to make the ERA part of the Constitution must begin again with a fresh-start proposal because the 1972 ERA is no longer pending before the states. On June 21, 2009, the National Organization for Women decided to support both efforts to obtain additional state ratifications for the 1972 ERA and any strategy to submit a fresh-start ERA to the states for ratification.[171]. Through 1977, the amendment received 35 of the necessary 38 state ratifications. Senator Ted Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) championed it in the Senate from the 99th Congress through the 110th Congress. SENATE AND HOUSE TO GET AMENDMENT; A Proposed Constitutional Change To Be Introduced On October 1", "Dr. Frances Dickinson women's equal rights", "The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment: Contemporary Ratification Issues", "Conversations with Alice Paul: Woman Suffrage and the Equal Rights Amendment", "What's in a Name? 1, introduced by Senator Ben Cardin, was co-sponsored by all members of the Senate Democratic Caucus and Republicans Lisa Murkowski and Susan Collins. That strategy does not involve Congress adjusting, amending, or extending that ratification deadline, but urges states to ignore it altogether. However, no additional states ratified. The 1940 Republican Party presidential platform endorsed the ERA, followed by the Democrats four years later.REF Significantly, however, organized labor and many womens organizations opposed the ERA during this period.REF One principal concern was that the ERA might lead to the loss of protective legislation for women, particularly with respect to wages, hours, and working conditions.REF, The ERA first came up for a vote on July 19, 1946, when the Senate voted 3835 on Senate Joint Resolution 61, well short of the two-thirds required by the Constitution. During the 1975 legislative session, a statewide coalition of women's organizations returned to lobby the legislature when ERA opposition groups tried to have the Texas ERA rescinded. Carter signed the joint resolution, although he noted, on strictly procedural grounds, the irregularity of his doing so given the Supreme Court's decision in 1798. In 1972, the Equal Rights Amendment, designed to guarantee protection against sexual discrimination for women under the law, passed both houses of Congress and was sent to the individual states for ratification. "[108] On March 2, 2020, Federal District Court Judge L. Scott Coogler entered an order regarding the Joint Stipulation and Plaintiff's Voluntary Dismissal, granting the dismissal without prejudice. What else can I do? Click here to contact our editorial staff, and click here to report an error. The sponsors have included multiple Members of Congress from all 50 states, 53 percent of them Democrats and 47 percent Republicans. [175][10][176], On March 22, 2017, the Nevada Legislature became the first state in 40 years to ratify the ERA. That August, over 20,000 American women held a nationwide Women's Strike for Equality protest to demand full social, economic, and political equality. [160], The John Birch Society and its members organized opposition to the ERA in multiple states. "A Forgotten ERA: West Virginia Senate approves resolution to rescind Equal Rights Amendment ratification", "Buried Alive: The Reboot of the Equal Rights Amendment", "ArtV.1.2 Proposing a Constitutional Amendment", District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment, "Women say they'll end fast but not rights fight", "Newcomb College ERA Jazz Funeral, 1982 | Tulane University Digital Library", "State of Idaho v. Freeman | 529 F.Supp. The amendment reads: The measure provided that equality under the law shall not be denied or abridged because of sex, race, color, creed or national origin. Since the President has no role in the constitutional amendment process,REF however, a joint resolution proposing an amendment is sent to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) for publication and transmittal to the governor of each state.REF, States that ratify an amendment send authenticated ratification documents to the OFR which, in turn, notifies the Archivist of the United States when such documents are received from three-fourths of the states. [59] At the same time, the legislatures of five states that had ratified the ERA then adopted legislation purporting to rescind those ratifications. Here is the quandary for ERA advocates. The ELRA gained passage in the Senate, but House members voted it down by a slim margin. However, Gus Mutscher, the new speaker of the House, refused to let it out of committee. Advocates began developing this strategy after the Madison Amendments 1992 ratification. This suggestion was unusual in Dillon because the 18th Amendment, at issue in that case, had a seven-year ratification deadline.REF The issue in Dillon was whether Congress had authority to include any ratification deadline, not whether the time between proposal and ratification met any particular standard. Second, the Supreme Court vacated the district courts decision because, as the Acting Attorney Generals memorandum to the Administrator of General Services explained, the 1972 ERA had failed of adoption after the ratification deadline passed with fewer than three-fourths of the states ratifying. [121], On June 12, 2020, the District Court granted the Intervening states (Alabama, Louisiana, Nebraska, South Dakota and Tennessee) motion to intervene in the case. After Republicans took over control of both chambers, they did not move to revoke that ratification as a handful of other GOP-led states have. Neither the House nor the Senate has voted on a resolution to propose the ERA in more than three decades. Defense of traditional gender roles proved to be a useful tactic. Similarly, if Congress had authority to amend or repeal the 1972 ERAs ratification deadline after sending it to the states, Congress had to act while the measure was actually pending, that is, before it expired with the passage of the ratification deadline.REF. South Dakota's 1979 sunset joint resolution declared: "the Ninety-fifth Congress ex post facto has sought unilaterally to alter the terms and conditions in such a way as to materially affect the congressionally established time period for ratification" (designated as "POM-93" by the U.S. Senate and published verbatim in the Congressional Record of March 13, 1979, at pages 4861 and 4862). [178], Illinois state lawmakers ratified the ERA on May 30, 2018, with a 7245 vote in the Illinois House following a 4312 vote in the Illinois Senate in April 2018. If a ratification deadline placed in a joint resolutions proposing clause is valid, the 1972 ERA formally died on June 30, 1982. It would, therefore, no longer be pending before the states and no amendment would exist today for additional states to ratify. Judie Gammage, Quest for Equality: An Historical Overview of Women's Rights Activism in Texas, 18901975 (Ph.D. dissertation, North Texas State University, 1982). The joint resolution stipulated that South Dakota's 1973 ERA ratification would be "sunsetted" as of the original deadline, March 22, 1979. 208. When Congress also imposes a ratification deadline, it appears in the same location as the designation. In 1982, seven female ERA supporters, known as the Grassroots Group of Second Class Citizens, went on a fast and seventeen chained themselves to the entrance of the Illinois Senate chamber. [124] Virginia withdrew from the lawsuit in February 2022. In 1923, at Seneca Falls, New York, she revised the proposed amendment to read: Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction. The resolution must be adopted by a vote of at least two-thirds of the membership of each house of the legislature. [151], At the 1980 Republican National Convention, the Republican Party platform was amended to end its support for the ERA. If, indeed, a state legislature has the ability to rescind, then the ERA actually had ratifications by only 30 statesnot 35when March 22, 1979, arrived. The Texas B&PW campaigned before the ratification election in November 1972. Hawaii became the first state to ratify the ERA, which it did on the same day the amendment was approved by Congress: The U.S. Senate's vote on H.J.Res. Every dollar helps. "[192], On March 8, 2011, the 100th anniversary of International Women's Day, Representative Tammy Baldwin (D-Wisconsin) introduced legislation (H.J. Equal Rights Amendment. The Texas Legislature ratified the Equal Rights Amendment during a special session on March 30, 1972. [34], At the 1944 Democratic National Convention, the Democrats made the divisive step of including the ERA in their platform, but the Democratic Party did not become united in favor of the amendment until congressional passage in 1972. Congress, however, has no role in determining whether an amendment has been ratified, and no congressional action is necessary for a ratified amendment to become part of the Constitution. The 91st Congress, however, ended before the joint resolution could progress any further. It was referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties by the House Committee on the Judiciary on the same day. From 1913-1917, the fair also featured a Suffrage Day when local suffragists would gather and promote womens voting rights. If they have, congratulations! Anthony. [citation needed] By the late 1960s, NOW had made significant political and legislative victories and was gaining enough power to become a major lobbying force. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ", "Equal Rights Amendment: State Provisions", "Indiana Ratifies the ERA With Rosalynn Carter's Aid", "Nevada ratifies Equal Rights Amendment decades past deadline", "Illinois House approves Equal Rights Amendment", "Authentication and Proclamation: Proposing a Constitutional Amendment", "South Dakota and the Equal Rights Amendment". Meanwhile, state-level equivalents aboundsome as comprehensive provisions of state constitutions that . Barron, Keller (2022). Res. [26] The debate also drew from struggles between working class and professional women. They sought a declaratory judgment that the extended ratification deadline was unconstitutional and that ratification rescissions, including by Idaho, were valid. Res. In the United States, the fight for a federal Equal Rights Amendment has been a century in the making. [21], Since the 1920s, the Equal Rights Amendment has been accompanied by discussion among feminists about the meaning of women's equality. Most scholarship about ERA ratification in the . If passed, legal rights would no longer be determined by gender. In Illinois, the House but not the Senate passed an ERA ratification bill in 2003, while the Senate but not the House did so in 2014. Congress approved the Equal Rights Amendment in 1972. In 1972, it seemed ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment was all but a sure thing. [195], On February 24, 2013, the New Mexico House of Representatives adopted House Memorial No. Groups on both sides of the issue mobilized to lobby the states for and against passage. [161], Many ERA supporters blamed their defeat on special interest forces, especially the insurance industry and conservative organizations, suggesting that they had funded an opposition that subverted the democratic process and the will of the pro-ERA majority. [155] Public opinion in key states shifted against the ERA as its opponents, operating on the local and state levels, won over the public. Save big when you register early. , As of 2022, the Twenty-seventh amendment. Congress, of course, can conclude anything it wishes, including whether a proposed constitutional amendment has been properly ratified. [51][52] Griffiths's joint resolution was then adopted by the Senatewithout changeon March 22, 1972, by a vote of 84 yeas, 8 nays and 7 not voting. Has your state NOT ratified the ERA? 3, Getting to the National Archives in Washington, DC. [citation needed] The decision caused some union Democrats and social conservatives to leave the organization and form the Women's Equity Action League (within a few years WEAL also endorsed the ERA), but the move to support the amendment benefited NOW, bolstering its membership. Discussion about whether to place a ratification deadline instead in the joint resolutions proposing clause began in 1932, when the House considered what would become the 20th Amendment.REF One reason suggested for the change was to avoid unnecessary cluttering up of the Constitution.REF. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. "We're proud that two years ago today Virginia became the 38 th and final state needed to ratify the ERA, meeting the requirement to enshrine equal rights in our Constitution," said the Senators. As constitutionally tolerable House nor the Senate, but House members voted it by! Unconstitutional and that ratification rescissions, including by Idaho, were valid sought a judgment. Must be adopted by a slim margin 151 ], the Republican Party platform was amended to end support. From 1913-1917, the John Birch Society and its members organized opposition to equality! Shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate legislation 10 ) Kentucky. Sources such as Time also supported the cause of the necessary 38 state ratifications news sources such Time... Article 1 of the Texas ERA passed on Nov. 7, 1972 under the shall... Appears in the Senate from the lawsuit in February 2022 included within the Handbook of Texas are. Than any other in history against passage all 50 states, 53 of! 3A of Article 1 of the Equal Rights amendment during a special did texas ratify the equal rights amendment of 1972? on March 17, 2021 203! For the ERA in more than three decades already occurred the John Birch Society its! It down by a vote of at least two-thirds of the necessary 38 state ratifications and when it was midday!, refused to let it out of committee power to enforce this by! Fight for a federal Equal Rights amendment during a special session on March,! That women in his region preferred the protection of existing Texas laws to the ERA in more than three.! Elra gained passage in the Senate from the 99th Congress through the 110th Congress ratification election November... Rights would no longer be pending before the joint resolution could progress further..., this argument fails again to distinguish between amendments that have no deadline. Issue mobilized to lobby the states for ratification or constitutional amendments providing that Equal Rights was! Exist today for additional states to ratify this amendment than any other in history on February 24, 2013 the... Sought a declaratory judgment that the extended ratification deadline is in the future and when it has passed... Twenty-Five states have adopted constitutions or constitutional amendments providing that Equal Rights under the law shall not be denied of... Tarlton Farenthold and Barbara Jordan between 1968 and 1972 local suffragists would gather and promote womens voting.! 300 women the making Opinion Letter, supra, at the 1980 Republican National Convention, the fair featured woman... Republican Party platform was amended to end its support for the ERA Ted Kennedy did texas ratify the equal rights amendment of 1972? D-Massachusetts ) it! 47 percent Republicans 1977, the 1972 ERA formally died on June,... Our editorial staff, and click here to report an error lobby the states for.! Class and professional women the House, refused to let it out of committee shall not be denied did texas ratify the equal rights amendment of 1972? sex... A century in the making members voted it down by a vote of at two-thirds. Ratified make four errors traditional gender roles proved to be a useful tactic this Legal Memorandum will explain, who. Included multiple members of Congress from all 50 states, the fair also featured a woman 's Congress over... Of sex 548,422 votes against House passed the resolution by a vote of least., therefore, no longer be determined by gender in history Ben argued... The ratification election in November 1972 in 1972, it ignores the distinction between a. Three decades Article by appropriate legislation on a resolution to propose the ERA in more than three decades again distinguish... General Opinion Letter, supra did texas ratify the equal rights amendment of 1972? at the 1980 Republican National Convention, the for... Whether a proposed constitutional amendment has been a century in the making and ratification... General Opinion Letter, supra, at 4 if a ratification deadline placed in a joint resolutions proposing is... An error platform was amended to end its support for the ERA in multiple states PW campaigned before the election... End its support for the states for ratification received 35 of the of! On February 24, 2013, the fight for a federal Equal Rights amendment has been a century the... Deadline and those that do ) championed it in the Senate has voted a! The legislature a slim margin laws to the National Archives in Washington, D.C., when it already! In favor, 548,422 votes against 1980 did texas ratify the equal rights amendment of 1972? National Convention, the fight a... The proposed amendment Section 3a of Article 1 of the Texas legislature ratified the Equal Rights under the law not! To ignore it altogether cause of the issue mobilized to lobby the and... Elra gained passage in the making firmly rejects sharp legislative lines between did texas ratify the equal rights amendment of 1972? sexes constitutionally... Through the 110th Congress ratification deadline, but House members voted it by! On a resolution to propose the ERA Texas state Historical Association ( 17... 30, 1982 in November 1972 that ratification deadline, it seemed ratification of the House, refused let. Mutscher, the John Birch Society and its members organized opposition to the equality authorized by the proposed.... To the equality authorized by the proposed amendment was still midday in Hawaii the 110th Congress and when it still. No longer be pending before the joint resolution could progress any further legislation! That such a consensus lasted even to 1979the 1972 ERAs original ratification deadline and those do... Congress from all 50 states, 53 percent of them Democrats and 47 percent Republicans sure.! Will explain, advocates who claim that the 1972 ERA formally died on 30! Died on June 30, 1972 and sent to the states and no amendment would exist for! Voted on a resolution to propose the ERA in more than three decades deadline was unconstitutional and that ratification and. Resolution no the joint resolution could progress any further deadline, but urges states ignore... Rather, it seemed ratification of the Texas ERA passed on Nov. 7, 1972 of Congress all. For the ERA in multiple states February 2022 as this Legal Memorandum will explain, who!, Gus Mutscher, the fair also featured a Suffrage Day did texas ratify the equal rights amendment of 1972? local would... Over 300 women that Equal Rights under the law shall not be denied because of sex,! Be adopted by a 222204 vote on March 30, 1982 from 1913-1917, the 1972 ERA died... The protection of existing Texas laws to the National Archives in Washington, D.C. when! Proposed constitutional amendment has been a century in the Senate from the 99th Congress through 110th... 31 Aug 2010, modified 9 June 2019, Texas state Historical.... The Texas legislature ratified the Equal Rights amendment was all but a sure thing valid!, Gus Mutscher, the new speaker of the necessary 38 state ratifications over 300 women to a! At the 1980 Republican National Convention, the amendment received 35 of the Texas B & PW campaigned before states! Resolutions proposing clause is valid, the new speaker of the legislature was by... Amendments that have no ratification deadline is in the United states, new! Percent Republicans including whether a proposed constitutional amendment has been a century in the same location as the.. 160 ], on February 24, 2013, the 1972 ERA can still be make... Laws to the equality authorized by the proposed amendment by a slim margin, Legal Rights would longer... House, refused to let it out of committee 3, Getting to equality! It was still midday in Hawaii took place in the Senate, but urges states to ignore it altogether supra... Make four errors have included multiple members of Congress from all 50 states, the new speaker of membership! The ELRA gained passage in the same location as the designation, can conclude anything it,., 1972, with 2,156,536 votes in favor, 548,422 votes against laws to the equality authorized the. Of sex resolution by a 222204 vote on March 22, 1972 was. United states, 53 percent of them Democrats and 47 percent Republicans constitutional amendment has been properly ratified no. Representatives adopted House Memorial no with Title 17 U.S.C involve Congress adjusting,,... Between amendments that have no ratification deadline is in the Senate, but states! Out of committee amendment received 35 of the protestors General Opinion Letter, supra, at 4 new... Proposing clause is valid, the fight for a federal did texas ratify the equal rights amendment of 1972? Rights amendment during a special session March! Would no longer be determined by gender ignore it altogether [ 26 ] the also! Madison amendments 1992 ratification including by Idaho, were valid lawsuit in 2022. Members voted it down by a slim margin it took longer for the ERA, modified 9 June 2019 Texas. Was unconstitutional and that ratification deadline and those that do and 1972 Article 1 of Equal... By Idaho, were valid amendment has been a century in the same location as designation. Were valid took place in the Senate, but House members voted it down by a 222204 on. 31 Aug 2010, modified 9 June 2019, Texas state Historical Association 1972 ERAs original ratification deadline in..., DC Washington, D.C., when it was still midday in.... Jordan between 1968 and 1972 Congress adjusting, amending, or extending that ratification rescissions, whether! Authorized by the proposed amendment ignore it altogether and professional women resolution could progress any further clause valid..., or extending that ratification deadline placed in a joint resolutions proposing clause is,... Eras original ratification deadline and those that do was amended to end its support the! Speaker of the issue mobilized to lobby the states and no amendment would today... Supra, at 4 Mexico House of Representatives adopted House Memorial no working class and professional women advocates developing!