factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society

factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african societyfactors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society

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3 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p.1. Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953), 24 Audrey I. Richards, Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969). society. After initiation, one has the right to marry. 7. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1956, 1966, 1971). They at times suffer from loneliness and psychological problems How the aged are taken care of today 1. However, as a prospective husband, you are told to pay for the marriage and not the bride. Removal of teeth. PaulVMcDowell. The kin group is also a source of emotional and spiritual belonging. Polygyny though set the tone and often determined the strength of the society and pattern of social organization of the traditional African family. 4. viii. The Baganda use classificatory system of kinship terminology which seems common to virtually all the Bantu peoples of Central and Southern Africa. Spirit of sharing: In African Traditional Community there is the spirit of sharing of resources among the members of a community e.g. This chapter will briefly explore traditional African family patterns describing the patrilineal and matrilineal families. They lead people to communal prayer in time of crisis. Changes that have affected land ownership - Today its a requirement by the government that one must possess a land title deed. 5. It is also a sign of acceptance of the children into the new family. DeVos, (New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976), 49 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Habenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures. 5. - Rainmakers observe the behavior of insects, birds and animals to predict the nature of rain. 2. Thesis. 3. ii. - The children born after his death were still referred to as his. Before initiation one is not fully considered belonging to the community. While the basic functions of the family remain the same all over the world, traditional African families have undergone significant transformations attributed to an interplay of factors, including Christianity, industrialization, educational expansion, population growth, monetization of the economy, migration, civilization, and now globalization. Africa's traditional religion is based on the Ubuntu philosophy, which is a Zulu word for human-ness, and was developed over many centuries in traditional African culture. -Close and supportive extended-family relationships -Strong kinship ties with non blood relatives from church or organizational and social groups -Family unity, loyalty, and cooperation are important -Usually matriarchal African American Folk and Traditional Healthcare: Famous Sociologist H.M. Johnson identified six important bases of kinship which are described below: (1) Sex: Kinship relation is differentiated in each society on the basis of sex. Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. 2. iii. People who are directly related to each other are known as primary kin. The effective boundaries of the network vary for different people, over time and for different contents. Problems that the elderly face today 1. pp. - The wife or orphans sometimes get mistreated. Anthropologists have discovered that there are only six basic kin naming patterns or systems used by almost all of the thousands of cultures in the world. Others reflect the problems the parents faced e.g. 2. Those related by blood have common ancestors. - They would stay overnight and the following day they would go to bathe in the river with cold water. Most of these changes in most cases are in conflict with the African customs. A change in attitude towards joint family is evident among the urban educated persons. v. They drive a way witches and evil spirits. 3. 8. Importance of Kinship System and Ties. Modern education and western culture has affected dowry payment in that many educated attach little value to dowry payment. 4. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples 25 likes 25,448 views. They are free most of them and can get time for the younger generation. Religion: Africans now get identified with new groupings e.g. - Thankfulness. Queen, Stuart A., Habestein, Robert W., and Adams, John B., The Family in Various Cultures. Babbie, Earl R., Sociology: An Introduction. It is a token of appreciation in the part of the bridegrooms people to those of the bride for the care over her. 11. (2) Generation: Kinship tie is established between the persons in relation to generation. They include: i. They act as intermediaries between God and human beings. Indeed this sense of kinship binds together the entire life of the "tribe . African spirituality is truly holistic. Family offers a person residential identity, social status, right to property affiliation with kinship and emotional support. - During this period of seclusion:- i. D. at Michigan State University in Sociology in 1987. Land is owned by individuals. Impact of Modernism on Family. The case studies presented will be those of the Baganda of Uganda and Bemba of Northern Zambia. (Eds.) Defines kinship and explains its importance. 4. They can also reveal-hidden information e.g. The new hair that grows shows the beginning of new life. They give information concerning cause, nature and treatment of diseases. DEATH RITES When a person dies, members of the family gather at the home of the deceased and leave their everyday commitments for a while. Some reflect the condition of weather or season at the time of birth. Among the Chewa of Eastern Zambia, the custom of man living with his wifes parents temporarily or permanently was known as Ukamwini.23. Boys and girls are not allowed to mix freely unless under supervision. ii. Actual birth - During birth there are certain rituals that are performed to introduce the chills to the immediate and extended members of the family. iv. A Modern Introduction to The Family, Glencoe: The Free Press, 1960. x. For this reason, the paper serves only as an introduction to the application of Christian Schapera, Isaac., Married Life in an African Tribe. It could also show how the bridegroom is capable of taking care of the bride. It is also a way of remembering important events in the society. 4. However, it is not a form of payment as is mistaken by others. Most of the time they suffer from old age diseases. Kinship ties are strong bonds that exist among community members. 3. They act as judges in certain circumstances. RITES OF PASSAGE These are important stages in life that one has to undergo. 3. Young people are trained to have respect for others and self-respect. 3. Reviews the biological and sociological constants of kinship; Previews the topicsto be covered in marriage, family and larger kinship units. N.S.S.F. factors. Through the kinship system, people learn the importance of sharing what they have with others. - Kinship system provides the peaceful ways of settling disputes in a community as all are treated as brothers and sisters. As an American Indian insider researcher, I intend to recover the traditional Cheyenne kinship system, relying on archives collected from the Smithsonian Institute (National . Wedding ceremony - After the negotiation the wedding ceremonies are arranged. Land was also the habitat of people, animals and plants. e. In certain communities pregnant women and children are not allowed to go near touch the corpse to avoid misfortunes. Rituals associated with death vary from one community to another. ix. 2) Some students also consult them to succeed in exams and career. Naming ceremonies also provide opportunity to teach the culture of the youth. Such occasions include beer drinking, wrestling, playing football, singing and dancing etc. Types of Kinship. They also perform light duties for relatives. Naming gives identity to a person before a child is given a name she or he is not considered as having full identity. They are consulted in cases where western medicine has failed. Some of the major issues raised will include polygamy, tribe, clan, the extended family, bride price and the raising of children. 6 Ibid., p.10 Note also that special attention should be paid to the distinction between polygyny being practiced widely among people of Africa and it being the dominant form of traditional family pattern. Young men are taught to be honest in all their undertakings. pp.164-202. - Some widows and children are not accepted or welcomed in their new homes. in the garden or when one is building a new house. 12 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Havenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures. These Anglo-Saxon or Eurocentric descriptions do not help in the fair and accurate perception of the traditional African family. 7. The naming of a child is therefore an important occasion, which is often marked with ceremonies. j. This means that they are looking for death to kill it. 6. For example, sickness in the indigenous African worldview is not only an imbalance of the body, but also an imbalance in one's social life, which can be linked to a breakdown in one's kinship and family relations or even to one's relationship with one's ancestors. 4. Changing attitudes towards initiation rites Since the introduction of Christianity and western culture peoples attitude towards initiation rites have changed. - They can foretell the future by receiving visions, dreams or words from God. Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p.1, 10 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Habenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures. - They are many types of the wedding ceremonies. It is a way of compensating the brides family for the loss of a member. The clan is linked by four factors. 2. Extended Family: It ensures that children, orphans and the widows are well taken care of by the other members of the extended family. At childhood children are taught to obey parents and the elderly. 9 J.A. 7. We do not sell brides in our society. - They oversee the division of property in the community after death. In western European societies Jack Goode finds that world revolution has contributed for the transformation of . v. In some cases if a man is married and wants another wife his first or other wives would be involved in making the proposal. Lobola is widely used among the Bantu peoples of Central and Southern Africa.39, Avoidance, segregated relationships, lack of love and tenderness in traditional African marriages and the family has been a common theme among European scholars. - They could also observe the weather conduction and interpret the movement of clouds and wind. - Men are not allowed to go next to the delivery places. By Timothy T. Schwartz, PhD. The moral values learnt include:- -Obedience/loyalty. Early marriages are encountered to reduce fornication. ii. At times force could be applied to get a reluctant young girl marry the partner. - Life is also seen as communal. it governs behavior towards each other - Kinship binds together the entire life of a community, the departed and those yet to be born. DeVos, (New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976). According to Dziro and Mhlanga (2018), urbanization, HIV/AIDS, and poverty in Africa are all factors that stifle the effectiveness of informal kinship approaches to proper childcare and. Family advocates Malinowski is the cornerstone of every society and culture. 3. The Baganda people of Uganda provide the best illustration.7. Changing Family Patterns: Sub-Saharan Africa, in World Revolution and Family Patterns. Courtship gives the two families time to prepare in advance for the real marriage. There are physical (visible) causes of death and religious (invisible) causes. 4. The verb kulobola is very specific meaning the valuables that are given partially or in full to the girls people to legitimate or seal the marriage. Bridgewater, VA 22812 The traditional African family is a very broad concept which has challenging variations across the continent. A curse by the community. 5. There are societies where prayers are made to the mother and the child. There are also accidental deaths e.g. Bride wealth has lost its original meaning and has been commercialized. Bell, Norman W., and Vogel, Ezra F. Traditional kinship structures remain important in many First Nations communities today. However, the influence of mediums and diviners has been affected by Christianity, which is against consulting any power apart from God. - Gambling. Goode, William J. false T/F: Female slaves generally worked outdoors while male slaves did domestic work. Such include: - - Birth - Initiation - Marriage - Death 5. 3. Leisure Activities: This is the time that one has at his disposal. 6. - Misuse of sex. Dowry is important in that:- 1. This review finds that parental care remains the best care setting and should be highly encouraged within African society. iii. 8. - Different communities have different rules on where the delivery should take place. Herbalists find it difficult to carry out research due to financial constraints. Some scholars have suggested that this arrangement might be fraught with potential social problems and conflict.33 More so than a patrilineal household where all the people charged with authority over the children potentially live in one household. For example, in the polygynous African family, like among the Baganda, and many others, your fathers wives and brothers were not just mothers and fathers just as mere kinship terms. Some names are given according to the time one was born. iii. - Initiation rites have certain symbolic meanings. vii. They believe iron implements attract lightning. 8. In the African understanding, it is believed that there is no natural death. The book describes and explains Chewa traditions and customs including Ukamwini. 7. All the members come together in times of need. Grandmothers teach girls their roles and grandfathers maintain law and order .Young unmarried men provide security in form of warriors while boys look after the animals. Angering the living dead and the spirits e.g. 6. After initiation one is now free to marry and has a right to inherit his fathers property. This report defines kinship care arrangements that occur without child welfare system involvement as private and those that occur with child welfare involvement as public. -The spirit of sharing. These variations are caused by differences in tribal customs or culture according geography, history, religion, external influence of colonialism, inter migration, political and economic structures and influences. v. There was a lot of fairness in the distribution of property. Today many people do not believe in rainmakers. There are several forms of Initiation; these include:- i. Circumcision ii. Introduction to Kinship. The size of the clan could differ from one to the other. v. The introduction of formal education, which has promoted new loyalties based on new social status, academic and professional qualification. vii. The lineage is the effective kinship unit among the Bemba around which marriage and the organization of family life. revolves.31 The matrilineal household and descent determine or influence two major social activities. Dr. Mwizenge S. Tembo African societies are complex and diverse, requiring an interdisciplinary approach to evaluate and understand the continent's economic, political, social, and cultural institutions and change. They are not supposed to take part in heavy duties or carry heavy loads. - The government and churches have built homes for them - They are given food etc. Wealth was seen in terms of: 1. 4. Many people have migrated to towns where people come from different backgrounds. Divorce and separation are discouraged. LAND In the traditional African society, people had a lot of attachment to land. Due to de-forestation, some herbs are becoming extinct. 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The degree of relatedness to the caregiver and socio-economic status of the fostering household were the strongest determinants of the well-being of children in kinship care. 41 Molefi Kete Asante, Afrocentricity: The Theory of Social Change. The midwife also monitors the development of the foetus. Property could be owned by community, individuals or families. Kinship systems provide each person with a defined role (based on age, gender, and other factors), and serve to link people via duties of care [35856]. The major reason cited is that with increasing modern influences, marrying more than one wife became an economic burden. - Kinship ties also provide security to all concerned. - The naming of the child takes place some days after birth. - In most communities the child and the mother are kept in seclusion for a number of days, depending on the sex of the baby. - People could gather and beer would be taken thus is a symbol of friendship. The government, the church and non-governmental organizations have built homes for the aged. 7) Many of the traditional medicine men are not willing to divulge information to others (a lot of secrecy surrounding traditional medicine) 8) Those who are educated also do not believe in the powers of diviners and mediums. 4) Some people who falsely claim to be diviners today simply exploit the ignorance of the people. if a person may not have been buried properly. In difficult times such as during famine, those who have share what they have with their relatives. iv. - People do not have a lot of attachment to land, as there are other means of survival. - A lot of bleeding can lead to the death of an individual. - There is individual ownership of property. Edited by G.A. Some of the traditional forms of leisure include. Circumcision is carried out at times in hospitals for health reasons. 6 It separates one from the loved ones. To give the mother time to recover the lost energy. among the Luos the man is buried at the right and woman is buried the left. Changing attitudes to birth and naming 1. Many communities made clothes from animal skins, bark of trees, sisal and leaves. The permissive society has also encouraged trial marriages. Which factors have led to the weakening of kinship ties in Kenya today? East Lansing, Michigan State University, 1980, Unpublished M. A. Thesis. Other significant strengths are that the traditional African family increased group cohesion in an otherwise harsh physical and social environment. This is because; 1 It is unavoidable. As such disputes over land ownership were rare, this is because:- i. The introduction of formal education Formal education has weakened the role of parents and grandparents. Children are attached to and cared for by many adults, including grandparents, aunties, uncles and older siblings [29064] [28917]. Matrilineality is the major influence in what children learn and come to accept about their society. It must be emphasized, however, that these were traditional patterns as far back as late 1800s up to as late as 1960s. 2. Second Edition, London: Cambridge University Press, 1984, Ch. Some communities have abandoned initiation rites like among the luo; removal of six lower teeth is a practice of the past. The dramatic social changes in Africa during the last three decades of political independence from European colonialism have obviously affected the traditional family. But however, after a few years of contact with white civilization and subsequent social change, the custom has gradually changed. Girls, in distinction to boys, seldom have time to play games.21, Among the Bemba people of Northern Zambia, marriage is matrilocal. - A white bed sheet is spread this is to collect blood during the breaking of virginity. © 2023 Tutorke Limited. iii. At this juncture the essay will dwell on the description in family structures in Africa society and how it has affected economic development. Clitoridectomy Female circumcision. First, two animal totems from one of which the clan derives its name. (2) Active leisure: This involves the use of the physical energy. a. - Children born out of marriage inherit their parents property. Aboriginal kinship ties, values, beliefs, identity and language are maintained by the family. They are given time to heal. 2. Mair, Lucy P., African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. 4. Establishing that traditional Kenyan culture and custom was supportive of high fertility in no way establishes how strongly held are these practices today or how quickly they may change as the socioeconomic basis of the real day-to-day society changes. These primary ties, as we may call them,4 are biologically the same in all societies,5 though, functionally, they may differ from culture to culture.6 But kinship ties do not rest within the reproductive family. vi. - Religious organizations assist widows to start income generating projects. Factors contributing to harmony and Mutual Responsibility in African Traditional Societies In traditional African Society, every individual is related to all. v. They are also consulted in terms of crisis e.g. 10. No one is allowed to take the life of another. p.19, 45 Naboth M. J. Ngulube, Some Aspects of Growing Up in Zambia. It could also help in paying of the dowry. As such children at an early age learn that their father has little authority or responsibility for them. First, in succession and inheritance the man inherits his dead grandfather, maternal uncle, or brother. In addition, the women who have got gainful jobs seek more freedom in many aspects. vi. Education of children has been left to teachers. 2. vi. The blood the binds the initiates and ancestors. There was fair distribution of wealth to even those who did not have. Religion, in the African indigenous context, permeates all departments of life. People of the same age set consider themselves as brothers and sisters. a child born after a long period of childless marriage is called Ogwedhi among the Luo. (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961)p.76. children born out of wed-lock are killed or abandoned. They affect all aspects of Africa, including care, marriages, and social status, since kinship controls people's relationships, moral values, and attitudes. - Alcoholism. Importance of Initiation i. Choosing of a marriage partner This differs from one community to another. Western culture and education has really affected marriage. Each community has a distinct political and social organization. Similar customs or rules of restrictions in interaction apply between many other kin in a traditional African family. - There are cases of destruction of land and environment through dumping of wastes. Christianity: Christianity has weakened African Kinship ties by introducing new ties by the Christian family. - Children made marriage complete. When a girl is getting married her mothers brother must be consulted. 28 Son-in-laws working under the orders of the father-in-law is perhaps a reflection of how informants or an outsider might describe a social phenomenon rather than what happens in reality. Role of priests, prophets and seers 1. He is currently Assistant Professor of Sociology at Bridgewater College in Virginia. Certain countries have also adopted national dress code Revision question Discus certain aspects of African ways of worship that have been incorporated in Christian. Among the Baganda, the clan has remained the most important kinship entity. 1 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) pp.1 177. Some are circumcised when they are still infants. Today marriage is for companionship and it is considered to be complete even if there are no children. In fact a woman was part of the property of the man. Changing attitude towards death rites Some of the death and funeral rites are still being practiced however some are slowly dying out. Marriage involves much more than just the bride.37, This author would further argue that among the African people that are conductors, participants, and are actors in these marriages, the concept buy, purchase a wife or bride does not exist. When one dies, he joins the world of the living dead. (East Lansing, Michigan State University, 1980) p.11 Unpublished M.A. He was a Lecturer and Research Fellow at the Institute of African Studies of the University of Zambia from 1977 to 1990. The medicine men lead the community in religious rituals. However the mode of dressing has seriously changed due to western influence. a person born during locusts invasion can be called Adede among the luo. During this period he conducted extensive research and field work in rural Zambia particularly in the Eastern and Southern Provinces of the country. - Courage. Current notions of kinship still owe a great deal to ideas about the physiological connections between kin. Meanwhile the man and her married sister do not live in one locality, as they must maintain their marriages. - A child who remained an orphan was easily adopted into another family. iv. food, beer drinking. Virginity is not highly valued and many people break their virginity at stage of adolescence. In many matrilineal societies, the maternal uncle in the go-between or undertakes all the arrangements and responsibilities for his nephews marriage.32 In case of divorce, the womens people were legal guardians of the children. People nowadays try to show their loyalty to state and not the society. It offers a general survey of the geographical environments they inhabited; their settlements, social structures and economies; and their religions and cultures. - Some people acquire wealth through dishonest means e.g. Grandparents are charged with the duty of counseling. 8. Once somebody is married he got fully integrated to the society. Urbanization: Those who move away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral homes. In male-speaking terms, fathers sisters daughters (cross-cousins) are called cousins. Would you say in the Western marriage ritual of the priest leading on the saying of vowes, that the priest orders the groom to now kiss the bride, or put the ring on the brides finger, or ordered to be married for that matter? Third, certain distinguishing personal names. 47 Mwizenge S. Tembo, A Sociological Analysis of the African Personality Among Zambian Students. The man or bridegroom builds himself a house at his wifes village and becomes a member of her extended family group.25 The wife cooks at her mothers house with other female relatives who are mainly unmarried and married sisters. Lusaka: National Educational Company of Zambia, and Kenneth Kaunda Foundation, 1970. Follow. 4. But they are terminologically differentiated from parallel cousins and from sisters. Girls brought wealth in form of cattle to marriage. 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When factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society is building a new house, this is the major cited... Crisis e.g as far back as late 1800s up to as his person born during locusts invasion be!, you are told to pay for the loss of a child is given a she... Today its a requirement by the family in Various Cultures source of emotional and spiritual belonging to predict nature... In a traditional African family are cases of destruction of land and environment through dumping wastes... Where prayers are made to the family in Various Cultures not the society urbanization: those who have got jobs! Revolves.31 the matrilineal household and descent determine or influence two major social Activities migrated... Source of emotional and spiritual belonging the youth sisters daughters ( cross-cousins ) are called cousins the book describes explains.

factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society