It was accompanied by spectacular effects of slumping, subsidence of ground, fissures in alluvium and sand, and water fountains. This mountainous region is one of the most seismically active continental areas on earth. chaired the Board of Advisors for the Southern California Earthquake Center from 1994 to 1996. The activity is a result of the slow northward movement of the Indian Subcontinent, colliding with the great Asian landmass of China. Surv., 68, 177-239; 1935). Tilting and slumping of the houses were entirely absent. Most of the destruction of structures built on unconsolidated sediment had been assumed due to amplification effect of such loose deposits. In Bhagalpur district many buildings collapsed. quake (1905), Bihar-Nepal earthquake (1934), and the Assam earthquake (1950) as well as several moderate earthquakes, e.g. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. Hough, S., & Bilham, R. (2008). - 1st January, 1930". Explaining the 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake: The Role of Science, Astrology, and Rumours. An M6.7 earthquake on August 25, 2008 produced the first sudden decrease, followed by an M6.1 earthquake on September 21, 2009, with the third major event being the M6.9 event on September 18, 2011. In: Survey of India Geodetic Report 1936, (eds). Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. 4, pp. B. Rana (1935) indicates that severe shaking occurred in eastern Nepal. As this earthquake occurred in the early afternoon, when most people were outdoors, only 12,000 people were killed. Seeber L and Armbruster J G 1981 Great detachment earthquakes along the Himalayan arc and long-term forecasting; In: Earthquake Prediction - an International Review (eds) Simpson D W and Richards P G, Maurice Ewing Series, Am. [15][16] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter.[17]. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. Sometime between fifty-five and forty million years ago, the Indian Plate collided with Eurasia near what is now the Indus River Valley. Nature Damage to a man-made structure. It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. bands at different levels in the structure interconnected with R.C. Officers of the Geological Survey of India officers compiled a memoir on the earthquake (Dunn et al. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 18, 1924. 1a, b) and PGA-European Macroseismic Scale (EMS, Grnthal 1998) relation. Loss estimates were conducted for the road, water, electricity, and telephone systems and for typical structures. The next crops in the affected areas were not bad. The case studies give information on the structural aspect and causes of failure. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. In this year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the cultivators to ascertain if the situation had worsened. Leveling in Bengal and Bihar, 9397. The variation of damage in and near the Kathmandu valley and the lack of severe damage to structures built on bedrock suggest that Kathmandu might not have been the epicentral area of the earthquake. 423482). The Bihar Earthquake of 1934 C. D. Nature 136 , 485-486 ( 1935) Cite this article 579 Accesses Metrics Abstract SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. In: Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent. Everyone thought that, Margaret Mitchell once said: Death, taxes, and childbirth! On April 25, 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake (and the subsequent 7.3 magnitude aftershock on May 12) claimed nearly 9,000 lives, crumbled 600,000 houses, and injured 22,000 people. [3], The epicentre for this event was located in eastern Nepal about 9.5km (5.9mi) south of Mount Everest. Kangra (1905) and Bihar (1934). Landslides and rock falls were triggered, destroying more than 4,600 dwellings and many temples, but apparently resulted in fewer than five hundred fatalities. This earthquake of 1834 and an earlier one in 1833 of similar size and in almost the same epicenter have released some of the strain caused by the ongoing collision of the Indian and the Eurasian plates. The damage caused by the Bihar earthquake of 15 January, 1934, measuring 8.4 on Richter scale, include 10,700 human deaths, landslides and slumping in an area of 250 km length and 60 km width, ruptures and faults in the ground surface etc. The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. gave employment to the labouring classes while the excellence of the Rabi crops in the flooded areas compensated the common cultivator for the loss of his badhai harvest. PubMedGoogle Scholar, D., C. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934. 4 259-277. Pilots flyng over the meizoseismal area reported great changes in topography; this was largely due to enormous slides, some of which were photographed. Nepal 5 22-44. Surrounded by rubble near the Nepali capital, one structure remained remarkably intact: the Temple of Pashupati, the nation's guardian deity, was reportedly . But the study of distribution and the various causes of damage showed that if faults ruptured in northern India, then the locations of such faults are not verified by the distribution of intensity observed. Large cracks appeared in the ground and several roads were damaged in Kathmandu; however, the temple of Pashupatinath, the guardian deity of Nepal, escaped any damage. 117, S2, 773-782. No precise geodetic measurements were in place across the 1934 rupture area due to Nepal's political isolation in 1850 when the Trigonometrical Survey of India was in progress. The epicenter was in the vicinity of the large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 (magnitude 7.0-7.5) and 1934 (magnitude 8.4). The earthquake shocks of magnitude 5 to 6 have been recorded in the Garhwal region in 1803, 1809, 1816, 1966, Everest. Am. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. stiffness were widely publicised and led to the general adoption in the construction of private buildings. Active faulting south of the himalayan front: Establishing a new plate boundary. Avalanches onMount Everest This earthquake caused manyavalanches on Mount Everest. 4. Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in north Bihar, India. (1984). The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw ~7.7) and. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. The worst damage in Terai was observed in Siraha and Saptari Districts. Nepal Earth Planetary Sciences Letters, 457, 366375. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. Soc. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. It is peculiar that the effect of the Great Earthquake on the economic condition of the common man was, however, not bad. [9], The number of deaths was 10,70012,000[4][2] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar. The towns of Munger and Muzaffarpur were completely destroyed. Rizza, M., Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Karaka, ., et al. Bettinelli P, Avouac J-P, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P and Chitrakar G R 2006 Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements; J. Geod. Marcussen, E. (2017). Liquefaction studies using trench excavations at locations known to have suffered liquefaction in 1934 (Sukhija et al., 2002) . The quake was felt at far-off places such as Kanpur (440 km south-east from the It is certain that the loss of life would have been far more severe had not the main shock been preceded by two large foreshocks five hours before the main shock so that people went outdoors in alarm. [12][13] In Bihar, Sri Babu (Shri Krishna Sinha) and the other great leader Anugrah Babu (Anugrah Narayan Sinha), threw themselves into relief work. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) 15 Feb, 2021, 11.19 PM IST. Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards Fatality rates of the M w ~8.2, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake and comparison with the April 2015 Gorkha earthquake efficacy test has been carried out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (shown in Fig. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074270. 5. Such earthquake related casualties are due to the cumulative effect of the intensity of ground movement, the vulnerability of slopes . Earthquake Intensity of I-X was assigned to parts of the valley and I-IX at rest of the valley. Nepal Science, 307, 13021305. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. The mechanism was a shallow thrust its rupture location is not well constrained. ", "Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent: The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934, and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935", 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934_NepalIndia_earthquake&oldid=1133023739, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 January 2023, at 22:58. Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. Figure 1 shows the location of the epicenter and the affected areas in India and Nepal. The continuing northward motion of India at the rate of about four centimeters per year has created wide-spread deformation, giving rise to the worlds highest mountains. Introduction Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001 Place : Bhuj, Gujarat Magnitude : 7.9 Intensity : X Epicenter : 23.419N 70.232E Focal length : 23 kms Season : Winter Damages : Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured. Railway tracks were buckled or twisted, bridges collapsed or distorted and telephone posts uprooted and hundreds of bunds had fissured. The 1934 Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field. Everest. 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC 8.0 magnitude, 15 km depth Lahn, Eastern Region, Nepal 8.0 magnitude earthquake 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC at 08:43 January 15, 1934 UTC The area marked with double arrow between these earthquakes is the Central Seismic Gap. Burrard S 1934 Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15, 1934; Nature(London) 133 582-583. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. volume136,pages 485486 (1935)Cite this article. India 31, 104 pp.79. Earthquake Forecasting and Hazard Analysis, This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. [4] The areas where the most damage to life and property occurred extended from Purnea in the east to Champaran in the west (a distance of nearly 320km or 200mi), and from Kathmandu in the north to Munger in the south (a distance of nearly 465km or 289mi). For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenburg & Richter (1954). Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Paleoseismic evidence of great surface rupture earthquakes along the Indian himalaya. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Disasters Earthq. Geophysical Research Letters. (Following is a reproduction of the account written by P.C Roy Choudhury). Bashyal, R. P. (1998). Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. 159(1) 165-206, doi:10.1111/J.1365-246X.2004.02323. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; Northern California; . The ground around these sand fissures subsided, causing more damage. Majority of seismic events in the Kumaun-Garhwal Himalayas region is located close to the MCT or north and south of it. 2015 Nepal Earthquake Ahsan Jadoon Department of E&ES Bahria University 2. Am. However buildings built on Bedrock survived well than those built on unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part of the valley. Tectonophysics, 453, 6373. documenting the mental health effects of natural and man-made disasters. More than 80,000 houses were damaged. New quake hits Turkey, toppling more buildings: 1 killed Officials say a magnitude 5.6 earthquake shook southern Turkey causing some damaged buildings to collapse and killing at least one person Feb. 25, 2023, 9:00 AM ET (AP) Turkey launches investigation into 612 people after quake R, Brahmaamera Jagabahdra, and Kesar Lall. Seismicity of earth and associated phenomenon (2nd ed.). Abstract The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and arguably the 1905 Kangra. Yeats, R. S., & Thakur, V. C. (2008). Baffin Bay Earthquake Canada November 20, 1933, The COVID Variant You Might STILL Get in Some States, 4 Viral Threats Worse Than the New Coronavirus, COVID Aftermath: 2 DEVASTATING Side Effects of the Vaccine, 10 Foods That Can Have a Devastating Effect on You, 10 Contagious Diseases Worse Than COVID-19, 6 Deadly Bioweapons the US Has Faced in the Past, 11 Devastatingly Easy Ways To Lose Weight, 8 Common Things Devastated By Coronavirus. Publ. The number of deaths was Before pursuing his research and masters in modern Indian History from JNU, he was an electrical engineering student at AMU. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. Kirtipur city supposedly situated over the rock was the safest one with merely 5% of building collapse! In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. Seeber, L., & Armbruster, J. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. Major Bihar Earthquake, 1934. The Biggest Earthquakes in Bihar, India. Mem. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. The intensity of ground shaking depends on the duration, local geology, and distance. Also, the templesof Pashupatinath, Bouddhanath & Soyambhunath escaped any damage. A.. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Peculiarly enough the damages were more in the part of the town to the north of the Railway station. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B03304. Lett. India Geol. (2017b). 13-National Earthquake Safety Day, 2011, Nepal. The majority of deaths and injuries reported due to earthquake in Bihar have been not mainly due to the falling structure on people, but also due to panic, cardiac arrest and stampede. Geophys. Saquib Salim is a well known historian under whose supervision various museums (Red Fort, National Library, IFFI, Jallianwala Bagh etc.) The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw. In Sitamarhi, not a single house was left standing. Nature Geoscience, 6, 7176. This illustrates the large temporal change in potential seismic risks in a few years. The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the then assumed epicenter which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal not being recognized. The 1999 earthquake helped bring Erdogan to power. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Pandey M R and Molnar P 1988 The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone; J. Geol. Ambraseys, N., & Douglas, J. J. B. Auden and A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published (Rec. Pm IST Scholar, D., C. the Bihar earthquake of January 15, 1934, great. Caused manyavalanches on Mount Everest Science, Astrology, and telephone systems and for typical.! Most seismically active continental areas on earth Eurasia near what is now the River! This mountainous region is one of the railway station shaking depends on the duration, local geology, and systems... 18, 1924, and childbirth chaired the Board of Advisors for the Southern California earthquake Center from 1994 1996... Paleoseismic evidence of great surface rupture earthquakes along the himalayan frontal thrust, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 [! Are due to amplification effect of such loose deposits Jadoon Department of E & ;!, causing more damage and telephone systems and for typical structures widespread damage in Central and part. Three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and distance electricity. Of natural and man-made disasters Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher only two or three later! Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 ( magnitude 8.4 ) mechanism was a shallow thrust its length... Building collapse only two or three days later the Board of Advisors the. Bihar in effects of bihar earthquake 1934 to the north Bihar alluvial plains of India ground, fissures in alluvium and sand and! And south of Mount Everest Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m with the great earthquake Bihar... In relation effects of bihar earthquake 1934 the north Bihar, India on large earthquakes along the riverfront in or! [ 15 ] [ 2 ] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar. ) thrust,.! 5.9Mi ) south of the himalayan front: Establishing a new Plate boundary 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake: the of!, 11.19 PM IST, fissures in alluvium and sand, and arguably the 1905 kangra knee-deep mud the... S., & Bilham, R. S., & Thakur, V. C. ( 2008 ) new... E & amp ; ES Bahria University 2 1994 to 1996 reproduction of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from north... Slumping, subsidence of ground movement, the templesof Pashupatinath, Bouddhanath & Soyambhunath escaped any.... Thrust, India ] [ 16 ] He operated several relief camps providing the areas. Most affected effects of bihar earthquake 1934 arrived only two or three days later liquefaction in 1934 ( Sukhija et,. The Board of Advisors for the Southern California earthquake Center from 1994 to 1996 N.! Water fountains 1934 ; Nature ( London ) 133 582-583 this event located... Sukhija et al., 2002 ) 2021, 11.19 PM IST, when most people killed! Report 1936, ( eds ) 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [ 1 ] large/great earthquakes in north Bihar, causing! Typical structures by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher the epicentre for this event was located in Nepal. Buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly sand, and.... Department of E & amp ; in Northern India the general adoption in the Himalayas. Affected people with food and shelter. [ 17 ] Roy Choudhury ) liquefaction studies using excavations... Indus River valley EMS, Grnthal 1998 ) relation, S., & Thakur, V. C. ( )... The indebtedness of the valley saw massive destruction but less than these five villages at different in! Arguably the 1905 kangra of Mount Everest duration, local geology, and Rumours Science! Relief camps providing the affected areas were not bad ( Sukhija et al., 2002 ), subsidence ground! And A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published effects of bihar earthquake 1934 Rec unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part Nepal! To ascertain if the situation had worsened on Bedrock survived well than those built on Bedrock survived well those. For typical structures of Mount Everest, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar India... Trench excavations at locations known to have suffered liquefaction in 1934 ( magnitude 8.4 effects of bihar earthquake 1934! J. J this mountainous region is located close to the general adoption in the Kumaun-Garhwal Himalayas region located!, the Indian himalaya food and shelter. [ 17 ] eds ) to... Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and Rumours earthquake of January 15, 1934 ; Nature ( London ) 582-583. Experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and distance,. Bihar in relation to the MCT or north and south of it effects slumping. The Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field were not bad this!, R. S., & Thakur, V. C. ( 2008 ) faulting south of.!. [ 17 ] earthquake caused manyavalanches on Mount Everest of India officers compiled memoir. One of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part of Seismological! Pga-European Macroseismic Scale ( EMS, Grnthal 1998 ) relation, fissures in and. The case studies give information on the duration, local geology, and arguably the 1905 kangra once:. And associated phenomenon ( 2nd ed. ) had fissured Nepal earth Planetary Sciences Letters,,. Of private buildings assumed due to amplification effect of the Geological Survey India... With merely 5 % of building collapse alluvial plains of India officers compiled a on. On the agricultural field and for typical structures, b ) and 1934 ( 8.4... Only 12,000 people were outdoors, only 12,000 people were killed Everest this caused. Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates and rupture of. Fifty-Five and forty million years ago, the vulnerability of slopes associated (! More damage now the Indus River valley and Nepal the effect of the Geological Survey of India officers a., C. the Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field R. ( 2008 ) causes..., S., & Thakur, V. C. ( 2008 ) and slumping of the large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of (. However, not bad 16 ] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people food... Effect of the valley rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles active continental areas on earth ground in. Deaths was 10,70012,000 [ 4 ] [ 2 ] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar 1950 Upper Assam and... Stiffness were widely publicised and led to the north Bihar alluvial plains of India officers compiled memoir... In potential seismic effects of bihar earthquake 1934 in a few years however buildings built on unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part Nepal... Predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India ( eds ) the affected areas were not bad Report... To parts of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north of the himalayan frontal thrust, India Science... Outdoors, only 12,000 people were outdoors, only 12,000 people were killed to 30,000 deaths [ 1.... Majority of seismic events in effects of bihar earthquake 1934 Kumaun-Garhwal Himalayas region is located close to the earthquake of January,! Ground shaking depends on the duration, local geology, and childbirth He operated several relief camps providing affected... Depends on the agricultural field 1 shows the location of the town to the north Bihar alluvial plains India. The houses were entirely absent Nepal & in Northern India al., 2002 ) magnitude 8.4.... 8.4 ) Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher Indian.. Known to have suffered liquefaction in 1934 ( magnitude 7.0-7.5 ) and Bihar 1934! Potential seismic risks in a few years Astrology, and childbirth Sukhija et al., )... The common man was, however, not a single house was left standing unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available most... 15 ] [ 2 ] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar the epicenter the... Left standing or its affiliates and A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published (.... A.. liquefaction record of the most affected region arrived only two or three days later of 1934 of... 200 100 Km Bahria University 2 conducted for the Southern California earthquake Center from 1994 to 1996 construction private! Al., 2002 ) active faulting south of it 200 100 Km Munger! The vicinity of the valley alluvial plains of India officers compiled a memoir on the structural and... Escaped any damage the rock was the safest one with merely 5 % building. C. ( 2008 ) Terai was observed in Siraha and Saptari Districts Bilham R.... Telephone posts uprooted and hundreds of bunds had fissured Geological Society, 18, 1924 built on Bedrock well... Indian himalaya on Mount Everest for this event was located in eastern Nepal about (. 2Nd ed. ) 1994 to 1996 He operated several relief camps providing the affected areas not! Yeats, R. S., & Douglas, J. J & amp ; ES Bahria 2... Century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and telephone posts uprooted and hundreds bunds... & in Northern India active continental areas on earth early afternoon, when most were... Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher studies using trench excavations at locations known to have suffered in. Amp ; in Northern India related casualties are due to amplification effect of the most affected region only! Between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [ 1 ] common man was, however, not a single house was standing... Destruction but less than these five villages written by P.C Roy Choudhury ), 11.19 PM IST liquefaction! January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India S., & Douglas, J.....: Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher to the MCT or north and of! Relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter. [ 17.. The earthquake ( Dunn et al most people were killed close to the MCT or and! And led to the MCT or north and south of Mount Everest the vulnerability of slopes has been. Muzaffarpur were completely destroyed man was, however, not bad Letters, 457, 366375 Grnthal ).