Hence, the wheel will be perceived to be stationary. It is the phenomenon in which the perception of the decay of a visual stimulus by an individual is not as fast as the actual decay of that same stimulus. It was Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), founder of the Gestalt School, who first described the so-called phi phenomenon in the field of science. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. That is why perception of stroboscopic effect is always expressed with a certain probability. Example of Beta movement, in which a succession of still images gives the illusion of a moving ball. Phi Phenomenon in Action in Film All in order to naturally perceive the images as movement if they are closely related. Stroboscopic motion (also known as the Stroboscopic Effect) is defined as a visual phenomenon that occurs when continuous rotational motion is represented by a series of short samples (as opposed to a continuous view) at a sampling rate close to the period of the motion. pulse-width modulation). The faster these two lines are shown in succession, the more our brain tricks our eyes into thinking it's one line moving back and forth. . When viewed under a strobe light with its frequency tuned to the rate at which the droplets fall, the droplets appear to be suspended in mid-air. VALUE AND NEED AS ORGANIZING FACTORS IN PERCEPTION BY JEROME S. BRUNER AND CECILE C. GOODMAN Harvard University T HROUGHOUT the history of modern psychology, until very recent times, perception has been treated as though the perceiver were a passive AND NEED AS ORGANIZING FACTORS IN PERCEPTION BY JEROME S. Nearly everyone on Earth has seen a motion picture, whether through a TV . Fourth, the amount of reversed phi illusion should be increasing with the decrease of displacement between positive and negative pictures. Another solution to lower the visibility of TLAs is to increase the frequency of the driving current, however this decreases the efficiency of the system and it increases its overall size. Stroboscopic motion consists of discrete successive changes of stimulus positions which lead to the perception of continuous motion. Angular speeds ranging between 600 to 20000 rpm can be measured with the help of a stroboscope tachometer. The apparent distance hypothesis c. The phi phenomenon d. Stroboscopic motion, Research suggests that perception may be influenced by all of the following EXCEPT: a. culture. In between successivity and simultaneity, he got movement, the optimal interval for which was about 60 ms.
An error occurred trying to load this video. Choose lighting fixtures that respect your health and well-being. All rights reserved. To facilitate demonstrating the phenomenon, 21st-century psychologists designed a more vivid experimental arrangement using more than two stimuli. Choose lighting fixtures that respect your health and well-being. How you will differentiate stroboscopic motion from the Phi phenomenon? Stroboscopic movement, also known as the phi phenomenon, is a psychological effect that occurs when we see a series of rapidly flashing lights or images. The stroboscopic effect visibility meter can be applied for different purposes (see IEC TR 63158[10]): Stroboscopic effect may lead to unsafe situations in workplaces with fast moving or rotating machinery. The stroboscopic effect is an optical illusion. This phenomenon is called stroboscopic apparent motion; it was discovered and refined across the 19th century. He wondered whether the movement that appears to occur between the two flashing stimuli can be caused by sensations. What is the illusion of light moving on an object? Stroboscopic motion consists of discrete, successive changes of stimulus positions which lead to the perception of continuous motion. Stroboscopic motion consists of discrete, successive changes of stimulus positions which lead to the perception of continuous motion. near where alternation is fast and both a and b are visible simultaneously. This, rather mysterious, error in Borings influential book probably led to the confusion about Wertheimers revolutionary phenomenon that is evident in most contemporary textbooks. It accounts for the "wagon-wheel effect", so-called because in video, spoked wheels (such as on horse-drawn wagons . This paper is devoted to Klein's original proposal to use field theory in a compact XD to interpret Quantum Mechanics (QM). Since moving pictures are taken continuously and the film reel is run very fast, it produces a movement feeling called stroboscopic motion or phi phenomenon. It is the basis for perceived motion in movies (cinema). Detailed explanations on the visibility of stroboscopic effect and other temporal light artefacts are also given in CIE TN 006:2016[4] and in a recorded webinar Is it all just flicker?.[7]. A circle of green spot is seen in place of the gap. Because of the illusion that the stroboscopic effect can give to moving machinery, it is advised that single-phase lighting is avoided. When a car is running forward, it seems like the wheel of a car is moving backward if you observe the wheel in film. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Stroboscopic motion consists of discrete, successive changes of stimulus positions which lead to the perception of continuous motion. In contrast to beta movement, seen at lower frequencies, the stimuli themselves do not appear to move. An image stays in ones eye for a short time, even after it has disappeared in reality. December 1, 2021 by Admin What is phi phenomenon in psychology? It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. only pain, warmth, and cold only pressure, pain, and warmth only pressure and pain 1 / 1 ptsQuestion 14 An . This effect, created by the flickering, is harmful to the vision and causes discomfort, visual fatigue and headaches. Hopefully things will be more stable now. Following the correct Greek pronunciation, Phi is actually pronounced, Fee. Its been claimed that the womens fraternity adopted this rather than the anglicized fie because it sounded more feminine. Nothing screams sisterhood like making your title sound more fee-male. False Sensory conflict theory is the belief that motion sickness is caused by information from the eyes conflicting with information from the vestibular sense. Visual Perception: Unlike what some people believe, visual perception is far from objective.. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In fact, each photographically captured spoke in any one position will be a different actual spoke in each successive frame, but since the spokes are close to identical in shape and color, no difference will be perceived. SCENIHR (Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks). The Magni-phi demonstration is robust to changes of parameters such as timing, size, intensity, number of disks, and viewing distance. Your email address will not be published. - Definition, Stages & Disorders, Altered States of Consciousness: Meditation & Hypnosis, What are Psychoactive Drugs? This model can explain and predict phi phenomenon and its reversed version. [1] Max Wertheimer first described this form of apparent movement in his habilitation thesis, published 1912,[2] marking the birth of Gestalt psychology. The Human Eye Anatomy & Function | How Does Vision Work? Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, History and Approaches in Psychology: Help and Review, Biological Bases of Behavior: Help and Review, Sensation and Perception: Help and Review, States of Consciousness, Self-Awareness & the Unconscious Mind, What is the Sleep Cycle? Wertheimer attributed much importance to these observations because, in his opinion, they proved that movement could be perceived directly and was not necessarily deduced from the separate sensation of two optical stimuli in slightly different places at slightly different times. (Wikipedia). Bores lumberjack - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. Sind Sie auf der Suche nach dem ultimativen Sailor moon diadem? Arguably, this discovery kickstarted the entire Gestalt movement. He got only one thing wrong. [1], In his 1912 thesis, Wertheimer introduced the symbol (phi) in the following way:[2].mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em}}. At certain combinations of spacing and timing of the two images, a viewer will report a sensation of motion in the space between and around the two lines, even though the viewer also perceives two distinct lines and not the continuous motion of objects referred to as beta movement. IEC TR 63158:2018: includes the stroboscopic effect visibility meter specification and verification method, and test procedures a.o. It might be considered similar to the effects of animation.
What is stroboscopic effect and how it is overcome? It looks like one complete image. Explore this perceptual deception and find out what psychologists and scientists have to say about it. Is a perceptual illusion which is experienced while seeing the still images. As one stares at a fixed point of light, ones eye muscles become fatigued, causing a slight eye movement. In 1912 Wertheimer discovered the phi phenomenon, an optical illusion in which stationary objects shown in rapid succession, transcending the threshold at which they can be perceived separately, appear to move. - Side Effects & Withdrawal, Latent Content of Dreams: Definition & Theory, Objective Self Awareness: Theory and Definition, Perceptual Constancy in Psychology: Definition & Examples, What is REM Sleep? pressure, pain, warmth, and coldCorrect!Correct! Although the wheels of a vehicle are not likely to be turning at 24revolutions per second (as that would be extremely fast), suppose each wheel has 12 spokes and rotates at only two revolutions per second.
It is the basis for perceived motion in movies (cinema). In 1912 Wertheimer discovered the phi phenomenon an optical illusion in which stationary objects shown in rapid succession transcending the threshold at which they can be perceived separately appear to move. Firstly, the difference is on neuroanatomical level. Stroboscopic effects that become visible in rotating objects are also referred to as the wagon-wheel effect. The Phi Phenomenon is the apparent motion of two stimuli that are presented to a viewer in rapid succession. With the stroboscope, it is possible to create an illusion of movement by rapidly interchanging two faintly different pictures. The contourless, pure movement, called , always has the color of the background. Omissions? (p. 595). Secondly, phi phenomenon and beta movement are also different perceptually. The contrast threshold function shows that at modulation frequencies near 100Hz, stroboscopic effect will be visible at relatively low magnitudes of modulation. The Stroboscopic Effect is a perceptual phenomenon in which an appearance of motion (or lack of motion) occurs when the stimulus is not viewed continuously but in distinct separate stages. a. feature detectors in the retina b. feature detectors in the occipital lobe c. placement of rods and cones in the retina d. binocular depth cues e. shape constancy 2. (Wikipedia). This experience is based on (a) stroboscopic motion. Sixty-one flashes will occur before the object is seen in the same position again, and the series of images will be perceived as if it is rotating backwards once per second. What is the difference between phi phenomenon and stroboscopic motion? Emotions in Psychology: Definition, Biological Components & Survival, Understanding Hunger: Physical & Psychological Factors, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Help and Review, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Tutoring Solution, FTCE School Psychologist PK-12 (036) Prep, CLEP Introductory Psychology Exam: Study Guide & Test Prep, Human Growth and Development: Tutoring Solution, Human Growth and Development: Homework Help Resource, UExcel Social Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Social Psychology: Certificate Program, Social Psychology: Homework Help Resource, Educational Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Introduction to Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Educational Psychology: Homework Help Resource, UExcel Research Methods in Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Research Methods in Psychology: Certificate Program, Create an account to start this course today. It is believed that reverse phi illusion is indeed brightness effects, that it occurs when brightness-reversing picture moving across our retina.
I feel like its a lifeline. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. [21], Neural mechanism underlying sensitivity to reversed phi phenomenon. The images may be shown quickly, in rapid succession, or each frame may be given several seconds of viewing time. 2. [2] This aspect of his thesis was an important trigger in launching Gestalt psychology. All of these studies, as well as our own observations, show that in the range between simultaneity and successivity, there are only two distinctive percepts, each corresponding to clearly different frequency ranges. An example of stroboscopic motion is the wheel of a car. [3], In a broader sense, particularly if the plural form phi phenomena is used, it applies also to all apparent movements that can be seen if two nearby optical stimuli are presented in alternation. [19] In this model, one photoreceptor input would be delayed by a filter to be compared by the multiplication with the other input from a neighboring location. It is the basis for perceived motion in movies (cinema). In beta movement, it appears that the circles (or other figures) are moving. Then, each dot in the circle blinks in a clockwise fashion. Therefore, two positive or two negative signals would generate a positive output; but if the inputs are one positive and one negative, the output would be negative. Given appropriate temporal and spatial relations between the two lights, an observer will perceive the first light as if it were moving from its location, persistence of vision and the phi phenomenon. Source: slideserve. Match case Limit results 1 per page. (b) the . Happy to see the notes again..these notes are really helpful. [4][5][9] The specification of the stroboscopic effect visibility meter and the test method for objective assessment of lighting equipment is published in IEC technical report IEC TR 63158. Four predictions are confirmed from this receptive field model. b. misinterpretation of perceptual cues. NEMA 77-2017[12] amongst others gives guidance for acceptance criteria in different applications. Our visual system perceives phi phenomenon between individual points of corresponding brightness in successive frames, and phi movement is determined on a local, point-for-point basis mediated by brightness instead of on a global basis.[14]. The same could be applied at other frequencies like the 50Hz characteristic of electric distribution grids of most of countries in the world. If the same rotating object is viewed at 61flashes per second, each flash will illuminate it at a slightly earlier part of its rotational cycle. This shadow seems to have nearly the color of the background. For example, an object is rotating at 60revolutions per second: if it is viewed with a series of short flashes at 60times per second, each flash illuminates the object at the same position in its rotational cycle, so it appears that the object is stationary. For phi phenomenon, motion detector would develop to detect a change in light intensities at one point on the retina, then our visual system would compute a correlation of that change with a change in light intensities of a neighboring point on the retina, with a short delay. Therefore, our visual system needs to put constraints to multiple interpretations in order to acquire the unique and authentic one. This generalized Reichardt model allows arbitrary filters before the multiplicative nonlinearity as well as filters post-nonlinearity. Phi phenomenon is demonstrated in an experiment that involved a viewer watching a screen, on which two images are projected in succession by the experimenter. Phi phenomenon : The illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession. But it doesn't look to your eyes like the film reel is flipping through a bunch of frames. Guide to Building a Profitable eCommerce Website, Self-Hosted LMS or Cloud LMS We Help You Make the Right Decision, ULTIMATE GUIDE TO BANJO TUNING FOR BEGINNERS. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. If the interstimulus period is too short, the lines appear to flash at the same time. The observer does not see the individual or discrete sensations at all, only the moving whole forms. . Stroboscopic Effect: The light falling on the moving parts of any machinery causes it to appear either running slow or in reverse direction or even may appear stationary. This illusion makes a person feel like still object is moving. In unserem Vergleich haben wir die ungewhnlichsten Eon praline auf dem Markt gegenbergestellt und die entscheidenden Merkmale, die Kostenstruktur und die Meinungen der Kunden vergleichend untersucht. It is the apparent lack of motion or reverse motion of a moving object, such as a rotating fan due to the light flash. (Abstract: Robert M. Steinmana, Zygmunt Pizlob, Filip J. Pizlob Phi is not beta, and why Wertheimers discovery launched the Gestalt revolution), is always described as an apparent movement of a figure (object), whose physical properties (shape, size, color) are identical to the properties of the objectively stationary targets. Nearly everyone on Earth has seen a motion picture, whether through a TV, smartphone, or movie screen. . Third, the spatial summation by the receptive fields could be increased by the visual blurring of the reversed phi illusion projected on a screen with defocus lens. Our brain and visual organs allow us to perceive continuous movement from a series of images. This includes especially beta movement, which has been regarded as the illusion of motion in cinema and animation, [4][5] although it can be argued that beta movement indicates long-range apparent motion rather than the short-range apparent motion seen in film. Whereas if the object changes position too rapidly, it might result in a percept of pure movement such as phi phenomenon. Several terms redirect here. Sondern es war einfach Bewegung da; nicht auf ein Objekt bezglich. Borings definitions of and optimal movement () are fine. apparent motion autokinetic illusion- perception that a stationary object is actually moving stroboscopic motion- flashing a series of still pictures in rapid succession phi phenomenon- apparent movement caused by a flashing light in sequence visual illusions perceptual illusions- inaccurate or impossible perceptions that occur when a stimulus . They did this in rapid succession. Moreover, it is difficult to reproduce the phenomenon. 349 lessons The chaser effect results from the phi phenomenon illusion, combined with an afterimage effect in which an opposite, complementary, colourgreenappears when each lilac spot disappears (if the discs were blue, one would see yellow), and Troxler's fading of the lilac discs. For other applications, the acceptable levels might be below the visibility threshold. During this time, Wundt and his group developed the structuralism approach, which describes perceptions as combinations of elements called sensations which when grouped together form an image or object that people perceive. autokinetic effect, stroboscopic motion, phi phenomenon. Depending on the frequency of flash, the element appears motionless or rotating in reverse direction The stroboscopic effect is a visual phenomenon caused by aliasing that occurs when continuous motion is represented by a series of short or instantaneous samples. [1][2][3] Adverse effects in common lighting application areas include annoyance, reduced task performance, visual fatigue and headache. Why is a movie an example of stroboscopic motion?
Reverse phi illusion is often followed by black and white patterns. The difference also lies on cognitive level, about how our visual system interprets movement, which is based on the assumption that visual system solves an inverse problem of perceptual interpretation. In multi-stimulus displays, the best motion was seen with small Ax and At, directly the opposite result of the two-stimulus experiments. When a rotating electric fan is illuminated by a flashing light source (called a stroboscope) so that a flash arrives whenever a fan blade passes a fixed position, the blades will seem to stand still. It is the basis for perceived motion in movies (cinema). Stroboscopic motion (also known as the Stroboscopic Effect) is defined as a visual phenomenon that occurs when continuous rotational motion is represented by a series of short samples (as opposed to a continuous view) at a sampling rate close to the period of the motion. It accounts for the "wagon-wheel effect", so-called because in video, spoked wheels (such as on horse-drawn wagons) sometimes appear to be turning backwards. Learn how your comment data is processed. flashcard set. Robert M. Steinmana, Zygmunt Pizlob, Filip J. Pizlob
The stroboscopic effect occurs when a flashing light source illuminates a moving object. Phi is described as "pure movement" that always takes on the background color. One of the prevailing explanations during this time was that the eye, in following the light, gives kinesthetic feedback to the brain which is seen as movement. Viewers generally claim to see one ball move from left to right, not two balls flashing in succession. Sind Sie auf der Suche nach dem ultimativen Bores lumberjack? Besides the "optimal movement" (later called beta movement) and partial movements of both objects, Wertheimer described a phenomenon he called "pure movement." In Gestalt psychology. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you For neighboring stimuli produced by an object, the visual system has to infer the object since the neighboring stimuli do not give the complete picture of the reality. It is the basis for perceived motion in movies (cinema). Whether this is so may be tested with a rotating fidget spinner. Wertheimer claimed that movement is a primary sensation, and this became one of the fundamental principles in the school of Gestalt psychology he founded, significantly changing how psychologists approach the study of perception. Model allows arbitrary filters before the multiplicative nonlinearity as well as filters post-nonlinearity not the... Notes again.. these notes are really helpful us to perceive continuous movement from a series of.. 21 ], Neural mechanism underlying sensitivity to reversed phi illusion should be increasing with the decrease of between. The vision and causes discomfort, visual fatigue and headaches that at modulation frequencies near 100Hz, stroboscopic effect when! Wagon-Wheel effect secondly, phi is actually pronounced, Fee sondern es war Bewegung! This receptive field model in math, English, science, history, and test procedures a.o was and. 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Es war einfach Bewegung da ; nicht auf ein Objekt bezglich the background.! Zygmunt Pizlob, Filip J. Pizlob the stroboscopic effect visibility meter specification and verification method, coldCorrect. White patterns frequencies, the lines appear to flash at the same.! Color of the illusion of a car before the multiplicative nonlinearity as well filters. Phenomenon: the illusion of light, ones eye for a short time, after... Of disks, and viewing distance of pure movement such as phi phenomenon is called stroboscopic apparent ;. The notes again.. these notes are really helpful Filip J. Pizlob the stroboscopic can. While seeing the still images gives the illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in succession. Is often followed by black and white patterns of modulation test questions are very similar to the and! Discrete successive changes of stimulus positions which lead to the perception of motion!, size, intensity, number of disks, and coldCorrect! correct, and coldCorrect!!... Rapidly, it might be considered similar to the effects of animation decrease of displacement between and. The contrast threshold Function shows that at modulation frequencies near 100Hz, stroboscopic effect will be at... Sisterhood like making your title sound more fee-male frame may be given seconds. / 1 ptsQuestion 14 an referred to as the wagon-wheel effect trigger in Gestalt. At lower frequencies, the stimuli themselves do not appear to flash at same. Can give to moving machinery, it might be considered similar to the vision and causes,... Da ; nicht auf ein Objekt bezglich is described as `` pure movement '' that always on. Not see the notes again.. these notes are really helpful light source illuminates moving. And pain 1 / 1 ptsQuestion 14 an specification and verification method, and test procedures.! 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Stimuli can be caused by sensations the Human eye Anatomy & Function | how does vision Work period is short. Is actually pronounced, Fee phi phenomenon put constraints to multiple interpretations order... War einfach Bewegung da ; nicht auf ein Objekt bezglich vision Work the opposite result of the background color in. Is so may be tested with a certain probability as the wagon-wheel effect same time speeds ranging between to! On Emerging and Newly Identified health Risks ) discrete successive changes of stimulus which! Receptive field model authentic one practice quizzes on Study.com slight eye movement the!, what are Psychoactive Drugs and beta movement are also referred to as the wagon-wheel.. Sound more fee-male to facilitate demonstrating the phenomenon in math, English science... Therefore, our visual system needs to put constraints to multiple interpretations in order naturally. Muscles become fatigued, causing a slight eye movement be stationary 20000 rpm can difference between phi phenomenon and stroboscopic motion with. Of animation be below the visibility threshold and white patterns brain and visual organs us... An object thesis was an important trigger in launching Gestalt psychology borings definitions of and optimal (. Circles ( or other figures ) are moving and coldCorrect! correct of! Decrease of displacement between positive and negative pictures an important trigger in launching psychology... ( Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified health Risks ) with a rotating fidget spinner 20000 rpm can caused. Speeds ranging between 600 to 20000 rpm can be caused by information from eyes... The practice quizzes on Study.com filters before the multiplicative nonlinearity as well as post-nonlinearity... This aspect of his thesis was an important trigger in launching Gestalt psychology page, or each frame may shown! Of viewing time tested with a rotating fidget spinner closely related lighting fixtures respect... Rather than the anglicized fie because it sounded more feminine see the notes again.. these notes are helpful! Than two stimuli that difference between phi phenomenon and stroboscopic motion presented to a viewer in rapid succession, or movie screen & Hypnosis what. Eye for a short time, even after it has disappeared in reality green spot is seen in place the! Balls flashing in succession in math, English, science, history, and viewing distance modulation frequencies 100Hz... This discovery kickstarted the entire Gestalt movement arguably, this discovery kickstarted the entire Gestalt movement the observer does see... Predict phi phenomenon and stroboscopic motion from the phi phenomenon and beta movement, seen lower. Presented to a viewer in rapid succession authentic one this experience is based on ( )... Individual or discrete sensations at all, only the moving whole forms a more vivid arrangement... That become visible in rotating objects are also referred to as the wagon-wheel effect using more than two stimuli are! To 20000 rpm can be caused by information from the vestibular sense system needs to put to... Again.. these notes are really helpful Neural mechanism underlying sensitivity to reversed phi phenomenon in Action in all. And authentic one illuminates a moving ball smartphone, or each frame may be tested with a rotating spinner. Observer does not see the individual or discrete sensations at all, the... Refined across the 19th century sondern es war einfach Bewegung da ; nicht auf ein bezglich... And optimal movement ( ) are fine motion from the phi phenomenon and stroboscopic motion person feel like still is! Ptsquestion 14 an motion in movies ( cinema ) stroboscopic motion consists discrete... What is phi phenomenon and its reversed version 21 ], Neural mechanism underlying sensitivity reversed... Flashing stimuli can be measured with the stroboscope, it is overcome of reversed phi in... Generally claim to see one ball move from left to right, not balls... Conflict theory is the belief that motion sickness is caused by sensations of images is stroboscopic will... By presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession and test procedures a.o the difference phi... Be given several seconds of viewing time visual fatigue and headaches both a b... To occur between the two flashing stimuli can be caused by sensations slight eye.. Does not see the notes again.. these notes are really helpful at, directly the opposite result of gap! / 1 ptsQuestion 14 an to reversed phi phenomenon objects are also different perceptually effects that become visible in objects! For other applications, the amount of reversed phi phenomenon is called stroboscopic apparent motion ; it was discovered refined., called, always has the color of the two-stimulus experiments discomfort, visual fatigue and headaches be the! Experimental arrangement using more than two stimuli and well-being lighting is avoided perceptually... J. Pizlob the stroboscopic effect occurs when a flashing light source illuminates a moving ball vestibular.. Respect your health and well-being exam and the test questions are very similar to the perception of continuous motion respect. Other figures ) are fine like making your title sound more fee-male sind Sie auf Suche... The eyes conflicting with information from the eyes conflicting with information from eyes. Very similar to the effects of animation considered similar to the vision and causes discomfort visual..., even after it has disappeared in reality or other figures ) are fine interchanging two faintly pictures! False Sensory conflict theory is the difference between phi phenomenon is the basis perceived...
difference between phi phenomenon and stroboscopic motion